1. By the end of the nineteenth century Germany emerged as the most industrialised country.
2. It surpassed the home of the Industrial Revolution, Britain, and proved to be a competitor of the United States.
3. Daimler and Benz became the most popular brands of automobile in Germany and the world.
4. Germany made its mark in iron and steel industry.

1. The concepts of democracy and republic became widespread.
2. The political and social changes were on the lines of democracy and equality.
3. Education gained prominence.
4. The principle of federalism became widespread.

1. In England, the Labour Party was defeated in the general elections of 1931.
2. In USA, the Republican Party was rejected by the people in successive elections for about twenty years after the Depression.
3. The Fascist Parties seized government in Italy and Germany. 
4. Argentina, Brazil and Chile saw a change of government.

1. A dispute arose between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Aaland Islands.
2. The League ruled that islands should go to Finland.
3. The frontier between Poland and Germany in Upper Silesia, which was successfully resolved.
4. Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League ordered a cease fire.

1. The revolution fired people s imagination across the world.
2. In many countries, communist parties were formed.
3. Soviet Union encouraged the colonies to fight for their freedom and gave all out support to them
4. Debates over key issues, land reforms, social welfare, workers rights, gender equality started taking place in a global context.

1. During the First World War Germany's most fearsome weapon was the submarine or U-Boat.
2. The Germans adopted a strategy to starve Britain by sinking every ship it could.
3. The Q-ships were Britain's answer to the Germany.
4. Britain provoked the attack on Germany through these ships and then resorted to retaliation.

1. First World War compelled soldiers to burrow into the soil to obtain shelter and survival.
2. The Trench system is the two to four trenches that go parallel to each other.
3. The trenches were dug in a zigzag manner.
4. So that no enemy, could fire for more than a few yards down Its length.

1. SEATO is seen as an Asian-Pacific version of NATO.
2. Interestingly only two south-east Asian countries, the Philippines and Thailand, had taken up membership and the rest of the countries refused to be part of it.
3. The alliance was headquartered at Bangkok. SEATO existed only for consultation, leaving each individual nation to react individually to internal threats. SEATO was not as popular as NATO.
4. With the end of Vietnam War, SEATO was disbanded in 1977.

1. In July 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, which was until then privately owned by the Anglo-French Suez Canal Corporation. On 29 October, the Israeli army invaded the Sinai Peninsula.
2. The following day, French and British aircrafts bombed Egyptian air bases.
3. On 5 November 1956, British and French troops landed at the Egyptian town of Port Said.
4. The issue was taken up by the Security Council but Britain and France vetoed the resolution.

1. At Dumbarton Oaks, representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom met and formulated proposals for a world organisation.
2. The Moscow declaration recognised the need for an international organisation to replace the League of Nations.
3. Decisions on the voting system in security council and a few other issues were raised in Yalta Conference.
4. After holding deliberations and negotiations at the San Francisco conference, the Charter of the United Nations was finalised.

(i) Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
(ii) The zamorin ruler allowed Cabral to build a fort and carry on trade.
(iii) He then left for Cochin, further south, where he was warmly received.
(iv) After establishing a port at Cannanore Cabral returned with six shiploads of spices to Portugal.

(i) The most negative result of the Commercial Revolution was the revival of slavery. Slavery had virtually disappeared from European society by the end of the first millennium.
(ii) But the development of mining and plantation farming in the Spanish, Portuguese and English colonies led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
(iii) The attempt to enslave native Americans ended in failure, as they proved too tough to manage. The problem was solved by importing Africans.
(iv) This transatlantic slave trade that exported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas is a sordid story that is a shame on the making of the modem world.

1. The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle. 
2. The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
3. In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
4. There was also a dock strike in the port of London.

1. Banning night work in bakeries.
2. If the factories or industries were shut down by the owners, it was opened by the workers.
3. Providing pensions for widows and free education for every child.
4. Stopping the collection of debts incurred during the siege.

1. The Parisians grew bitter when bigger numbers of monarchists were returned to the National Assembly.
2. Then came the betrayal of the republic - the appointment of 71-year-old Thiers.
3. Paris was once again armed.
4. As the regular army had been disbanded under the terms of agreement with Prussia, the Parisian masses kept their arms.

1. The Holy Roman Empire' was an empire only in name.
2. Germany contained three of four hundred separate States.
3. It was their kings who saved these countries from feudal anarchy and made them into nations.
4. Conditions suitable for the rise of Italy and Germany as nation states developed only in the nineteenth century.

1. He did not employ children below the age of line his industries.
2. Later he criticised private property and profit.
3. He began to advocate the establishment of new cooperative communities that would combine industrial and agricultural production.
4. Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism.

1. Sun Yat-sen founded a political party in Tokyo, which became the Kuomintang Party.
2. Sun Yat-sen, the inspirer of the organisation, wanted a republic china.
3. After the death of Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang did not adopt Communist policies.
4. The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.

1. The Philippine Communist peasants were called Huk.
2. Huk areas were bombarded by government forces and, as a result, the huk resorted to guerrilla warfare.
3. At first they adopted it as a defensive posture.
4. The ''Hukrebellion'' had been crushed by the Philippine government, assisted by the U.S.

1. The Allied bombing of Germany almost completely destroyed the German city of Dresden.
2. The raids became a symbol of the terror bombing campaign against Germany.
3. During this period, 600,000 German citizens were killed.
4. Slowly, the German army was forced back.

1) Madras played a pivotal role in the history of labour movement of India
2) The first trade union in the modem sense, the Madras Labour Union, was formed in 1918 by B.P. Wadia.
3) The union was formed mainly due to the ill-treatment of Indian worker in the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills, Perambur. The working conditions was poor.
4)  Short interval for mid-day meal, frequent assaults on workers by the European assistants and inadequate wages led to the formation of this union. 
5) This union adopted collective bargaining and used trade unionism as a weapon for class struggle.

1) The purpose was to provide rural households with assets which would improve their economic position, so that they would be able to come out of poverty.
2) These could be improvements to the land, supply of cows or goats for dairying or help to set up small shops or other trade-related businesses.
3) The capital cost of the assets provided was covered by subsidies and loans varied based on economic situation of the family receiving assistance.
4) The functioning and the effects of IRDP were assessed by many economists as well as government bodies.
5) The ultimate conclusion was that the programme did not really deliver on the benefits that were intended,
6) The programme was restructured in 1999 as a programme to promote self-employment of the rural poor.

1) The challenges before free India included grappling with the consequences of partition, planning the economy and reforming the education system, making a Constitution that reflected the aspirations kindled by the freedom struggle, merger of the Princely states, and resolving the diversity on the basis of languages spoken by the people with the needs of a nation-state.
2) Further, a foreign policy that was in tune with the ideals of democracy, sovereignty and fraternity had to be formulated.

The outbreak of Second World War and Britain's decision to involve India in the War without consulting Congress ministries in provinces, provoked the leaders of Indian National Congress and Gandhi.
1. The Congress ministers resigned in protest.
2. The Cripps Mission arrived in March 1942 to assuage the nationalists.
3.  But its proposals bore no fruit.
4.  Gandhi decided to embark on the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

Communalism:
1) Organising a religious group on the basis of its hostility towards the followers of other religions to fight even material issues.
2) Communalism as an ideology or movement has been defined in various ways by various scholars.
3) According to Nehru, communalism is one of the obvious examples of backward-looking people trying to hold on to something that is wholly out of place in the modem world and is essentially opposed to the concept of nationalism.
4) According to another scholar, communalism denotes organised attempt of a group to bring about change in the face of resistance from other groups or the government through collective mobilisation based on a narrow ideology.