Conquest of German Colonies:
(i) One important result of the British command of the seas was that the Germans were unable to send aid to their colonies.
(ii) So, all of them, except German East Africa, were captured during the first few months of the war.

The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria.

(i) Between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed and eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.
(ii) The period came to be known as the bloody June days.

(i) Popularrevolts in Naples (1820) and Spain (1822) were suppressed with the aid of foreign troops, Austrian in the case of former and French in the latter case.
(ii) There was little liberty in any European country.

1. The English conquest of Canada and removal of all danger from the French made the British government to feel secure.
2. This in turn made the colonies jittery and less disposed than ever to submit to the .dictates of England.

Boston Tea Party (1773):
1. In the wake of the Boston Massacre, around 100 activists dressed like Native Americans, boarded the three ships carrying tea and threw 342 boxes into sea at Boston.
2. This incident came to be called the Boston Tea Party.

1. The Northern states, on the other hand, were devoid of agricultural farmlands.
2. They created mills for cutting timber, ship-building and milling the grains.
3. Iron and textiles were also manufactured. The harbours promoted sea-borne trade.

The Renaissance and the Reformation were accompanied by fundamental economic changes. The series of economic changes, making the transition from the semi-static, Iocalised, non-profit economy of the late Middle Ages to the dynamic, world-wide, capitalistic regime of the fourteenth and succeeding centuries is known as the Commercial Revolution. This Revolution was gradual.

1. lack of proper selection procedures for identification of beneficiaries.
2. insufficient investment per household.
3. absence of post implementation audits of the scheme,
4. regional disparities in lifting the identified beneficiaries above the poverty line was a major issue.

The poverty line is defined as the level expenditure required to purchase food grains to supply the recommended calorie level to sustain a person.

1. Zamindars in various parts of the country challenged the constitutionality of the zamindari abolition laws in court.
2. The government then passed two amendments to the Constitution, the First Amendment in 1951 and the Fourth Amendment in 1955 which pre-empted the right of Zamindars to question the takeover of their land or the value of the compensation.

1) MGNREGA means (Mahatma Gandhi) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,
2) The MGNREGA which gives rural households the legal right to demand work is now the major employment generation programme.

The Commission recommended the following States to constitute the Indian Union: Madras, Kerala, Karnataka, Hyderabad, Andhra, Bombay, Vidharbha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir.

To make a constitution that contained the idealism that marked the freedom struggle and the meaning of swaraj, as specified in the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed by the Indian National Congress at its Karachi session (March 1931).

Bose addressed a message to Gandhi over the Azad Hind Radio from Rangoon. Calling him the 'Father of the Nation'.

The attack on Pearl Harbour, where Japanese war-planes bombed the American port

Mountbatten who succeeded Wavell came to India as Viceroy to effect the partition plan and transfer of power.

1) Before the World War I, Britain had promised to safeguard the interests of the Caliph as well the Kaaba (the holiest seat of Islam).
2) But after Turkey's defeat in the War, they refused to keep their word.
3) The stunned Muslim community showed its displeasure to the British government by starting the Khilafat movement to secure the Caliphate in Turkey.

1. While Bhagat Singh represented young men who dedicated their lives to the freedom of the country, Kalpana Dutt-represented the young women who defied the existing patriarchal set up and took to arms for the liberation of their motherland.
2. Not only did they act as messengers (as elsewhere) but they also participated in direct actions, fought along with men, carrying guns.

Two revolutionaries
1. Bhagat Singh of the Hindustan Revolutionary Socialist Association.
2. Kalpana Dutt of the Indian Republican Army that organised repeated raids on the Chittagong Armoury in Bengal.

1) Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
2) Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used.
3) The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc.

1) It underscored the necessity to relieve the lower castes from the tyranny of Brahminism and the exploitative scriptures.
2) The colonial administrators and the educational institutions that were established indirectly facilitated their origin.

1) It refers to a self-government granted by a central or regional government to its dependent political units on condition that their people should remain politically loyal to it.
2) This was a common feature in the ancient Roman Empire and the modem British Empire. In Ireland the Home Rule Movement gathered force in the 1880s and a system of Home Rule was established by the Government of Ireland Act (1920) in six counties of Northern Ireland and later by the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) in the remaining 26 counties in the south.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, often referred to as the Lal- Bal-Pal triumvirate, Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, emerged as the epicentres of militant nationalism during the Swadeshi phase.

With the failure to stop the partition of Bengal and the pressure exerted by the radical leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Aswini Kumar Dutta, and Aurobindo Ghose, the moderate leaders were forced to rethink their strategy, and look for new techniques of protest.