1) The movement had generated worldwide publicity, and Viceroy Irwin was looking for a way to end it.
2) Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact.
3) In the end, Gandhi pledged to give up the satyagraha campaign, and Irwin agreed to release tens of thousands of Indians who had been jailed during the movement.

1) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
2) He launched the 'Mahad Satyagraha' to establish the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) There was enormous pressure on Ambedkar to save Gandhi's life. Consultations, confabulations, meetings, prayers were held all over and ultimately after a meeting with Gandhi in the jail, the communal award was modified.
2) The new agreement, between Ambedkar and Gandhians, called the 'Poona Pact' was signed.
3) The Poona Pact took away separate electorates but guaranteed reserved seats for the untouchables.
4) The provision of reserved seats was incorporated in the constitutional changes which were made. It was also built into the Constitution of independent India.

1) Under this arrangement all important subjects like law and order and finance 'reserved' for the white men and were directly under the control of the Governors.
2) Other subjects such as health, educations and local self-government were 'transferred' to elected Indian representatives.
3) Ministers holding 'transferred subjects were responsible to the legislatures; but those in charge of 'reserved' subjects were not further the Governor of the province could overrule the ministers under' special (veto) powers,' thus making a mockery of the entire scheme.
4) The part dealing with central legislature in the act created two houses of legislature (bi-cameral).

1) The colonial government was enraged at the mass struggles and the enthusiasm of the masses as evidenced in the upsurge all over the country.
2) On 13th April 1919, in Amritsar town, in the Jallianwala enclave that the most heinous of political crimes was QerQetrated on-an unarmed mass of QeoQle by the British regime,
3) More than two thousand people had assembled at the venue to peacefully protest against the arrest of their leaders Satyapal and Saifudding Kitchen,
4) Michael O'Dwyer was the Lt. Governor of Punjab and the military commander was General Reginald Dyer.
5) They decided to demonstrate their power and teach a lesson to the dissenters. The part where the gathering was held had only one narrow entrance.
6)  Dyer ordered firing on the trapped crowd with machine guns and rifles till the ammunition was exhausted. While the official figures of the dead was only about 379 the real number 1 was over a thousand. Martial law was imposed all over Punjab and people were subject to untold indignities.

1) Dr. Ambedkar came to the centre stage of the struggles of the oppressed world in the 1920's. Born in the then so-called "untouchable" caste called Mahar in Central India as the son of an army man, he was a brilliant student and was the first to matriculate from his community.
2) Ambedkar joined the Elphinston College, with the help of a scholarship and graduated in 1912. With the help of a scholarship from the Maharaja of Barona he went to United States and secured a post-graduate degree, and doctorate, from the columbia University, Then he went to London to study law and economics.
3) Ambedkar's brilliance caught the attention of many. Already in 19'16, he had participated in an international conference of Anthropology and presented a research paper on 'Castes in India', which was published later in the indian Antiquary.
4) The British government which was searching for talents among the downtrodden of India invited him to interact with the Southborough or the Franchise Committee which was collecting evidence on the quantum and qualifications to be fixed for the Indian voters.
5) Ambedkar launched news journals and organizations. Mook Nayak (leader of the dumb) was, the journal to articulate his view. s and the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (Association for the welfare of excluded) spearheaded his activities. As 'a' member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removaL of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
6) He launched the 'Mahad Satyagraha' to establish the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells. Ambedkar's intellectual and public 'activities drew the attention of all concerned.
7)  Ambedkar launched two political parties. The first one was the Independent Labour party in 1937 and the second Scheduled Caste Federation in 1942, The colonial government recognizing his struggles and also to balance its support base used the services of Ambedkar. Thus he was made a member of the Defence Advisory Committee in 1942, and a few months later, a minister in the Viceroy's cabinet.
8)  The crowning recognition of his services to the nation was electing him as the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the independent India's Constitution. After independence Ambedkar was invited to be a member of the Nehru cabinet.

1) The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920.
2) Earlier an all party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts.
3) The Congress met in a special session at Calcutta in September 1920 and resolved to accept Gandhi's proposal on non-cooperation with the colonial state till such time as Khilafat and Punjab grievances were redressed and self-government established.
4) Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
5) Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up' and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and, mass civil disobedience, etc.
6) A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions. Another important resolution at Nagpur was to recognize and set up linguistic Provincial Congress Committees which drew a large number of workers into the movement.
7) In order to broad base the Congress, the workers were to reach out to the villages and enroll the villagers in the Congress on a nominal fee of four annas (25 paise). The overall character of the Congress underwent change and an atmosphere where a large majority of the masses could develop a sense of belonging to the nation and the national struggle developed.
8) But it also led to some conservatives who were opposed to mass participation in the struggle to leave the Congress.
9) Thus the Congress under Gandhi was shedding its elitist character, becoming a mass organization and in a real sense 'National'.