1) The movement had generated worldwide publicity, and Viceroy Irwin was looking for a way to end it.
2) Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact.
3) In the end, Gandhi pledged to give up the satyagraha campaign, and Irwin agreed to release tens of thousands of Indians who had been jailed during the movement.

1) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
2) He launched the 'Mahad Satyagraha' to establish the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) During the War the British encouraged Indian industries which manufactured war time goods. As the war progressed they wanted more goods so more workers were recruited.
2) Once the war ended workers were laid off and production cut down. Further prices increased dramatically in the post-War situation.
3) India was also in the grip of a world-wide epidemic of influenza. In response labourers began to organize to fight and trade unions were formed to protect the interests of the workers.

1) The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 to several cities in India was also boycotted.
2)  The calculation of the colonial government that the visit of the Prince would evoke loyal sentiments of the Indian people was proved wrong.

1) Gandhi attended the Second RTC but the government was adamant and declined to concede his demands.
2) He returned empty handed and the Congress resolved on renewing the civil disobedience movement.
3) The economic depression had worsened the condition of the people in general and of the peasants in particular.
4) There were peasant protests all over the country. The leftists were in the forefront of the struggles of the workers and peasants.
5) The government was determined to crush the movement. All key leaders including Nehru.

pro-changers
1) After suspension of Non-cooperation, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a new line of activity.
2) They wanted to return to active politics which included entry into electoral politics and demonstrate that the nationalists were capable of obstructing the working of the reformed legislature by capturing them and arousing nationalist spirit.
3) This group came to be called the 'Swarajists and pro-changers'. In Tamil Nadu, Satyamurti joined this group.
4) The pro-changers launched the Swarajya party as a part of the Congress.
no changers
1) There was another group which opposed council entry and wanted to continue the Gandhian line by mobilizing the masses.
2) This team led by Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad was called 'No changers'.
3)  They argued that electoral politics would divert the attention of nationalists and pull them away from the work of mass mobilization and their issues.
4) They favoured the continuation of the Gandhian constructive programme of spinning, temperance, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability and mobilise rural masses and prepare them for new mass movements.

1) There was enormous pressure on Ambedkar to save Gandhi's life. Consultations, confabulations, meetings, prayers were held all over and ultimately after a meeting with Gandhi in the jail, the communal award was modified.
2) The new agreement, between Ambedkar and Gandhians, called the 'Poona Pact' was signed.
3) The Poona Pact took away separate electorates but guaranteed reserved seats for the untouchables.
4) The provision of reserved seats was incorporated in the constitutional changes which were made. It was also built into the Constitution of independent India.

1) Under this arrangement all important subjects like law and order and finance 'reserved' for the white men and were directly under the control of the Governors.
2) Other subjects such as health, educations and local self-government were 'transferred' to elected Indian representatives.
3) Ministers holding 'transferred subjects were responsible to the legislatures; but those in charge of 'reserved' subjects were not further the Governor of the province could overrule the ministers under' special (veto) powers,' thus making a mockery of the entire scheme.
4) The part dealing with central legislature in the act created two houses of legislature (bi-cameral).

1) The colonial government was enraged at the mass struggles and the enthusiasm of the masses as evidenced in the upsurge all over the country.
2) On 13th April 1919, in Amritsar town, in the Jallianwala enclave that the most heinous of political crimes was QerQetrated on-an unarmed mass of QeoQle by the British regime,
3) More than two thousand people had assembled at the venue to peacefully protest against the arrest of their leaders Satyapal and Saifudding Kitchen,
4) Michael O'Dwyer was the Lt. Governor of Punjab and the military commander was General Reginald Dyer.
5) They decided to demonstrate their power and teach a lesson to the dissenters. The part where the gathering was held had only one narrow entrance.
6)  Dyer ordered firing on the trapped crowd with machine guns and rifles till the ammunition was exhausted. While the official figures of the dead was only about 379 the real number 1 was over a thousand. Martial law was imposed all over Punjab and people were subject to untold indignities.

1) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in the coastal town of Porbandar in 1869. When he returned to India in 1915 he had a record of fighting against inequalities imposed by the racist government of South Africa.
2) Gandhi certainly wanted to be of help to forces of nationalism in India. He was in touch with leaders India as he had come into contact, with Congress leaders while mobilizing support for the South African Indian cause earlier. Impressed by activities and ideas of Gopala Krishna Gokhale, he acknowledged him as his political Guru.
3) On his return to India, following Gokhale's advice, Gandhi, who was away from India for over two decades, spent a year travelling all over the country acquainting himself with the situation.
4) He established his Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad but did not take active part in political movements including the Home Rule movement.
5) Champaran Movement (1917): It was not difficult for Gandhi to convince the committee of the difficulties of the poor peasants. The report was accepted and implemented resulting in the release of the indigo cultivators of the bondage of European planters who gradually had to withdraw from Champaran itself.
6) Gandhi's call for protest on the issues of Khilafat, and Rowlatt Act and as a response the British government's repressive measures leading to the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre prompted the Congress to launch non-cooperation movement.
7) The Congress boycotted the Sirmon Commission and the first Round Table Conference and intensified the struggle by launching civil disobedience movement, in the wake of fruitless outcome of Second Round Table Conference.
8) Gandhi's Dandi March and Rajaji's Salt March to Vedaranyam in Tamilnadu succeeded in mobilizing the masses 'for the nationalist cause.

1) The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920.
2) Earlier an all party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts.
3) The Congress met in a special session at Calcutta in September 1920 and resolved to accept Gandhi's proposal on non-cooperation with the colonial state till such time as Khilafat and Punjab grievances were redressed and self-government established.
4) Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
5) Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up' and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and, mass civil disobedience, etc.
6) A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions. Another important resolution at Nagpur was to recognize and set up linguistic Provincial Congress Committees which drew a large number of workers into the movement.
7) In order to broad base the Congress, the workers were to reach out to the villages and enroll the villagers in the Congress on a nominal fee of four annas (25 paise). The overall character of the Congress underwent change and an atmosphere where a large majority of the masses could develop a sense of belonging to the nation and the national struggle developed.
8) But it also led to some conservatives who were opposed to mass participation in the struggle to leave the Congress.
9) Thus the Congress under Gandhi was shedding its elitist character, becoming a mass organization and in a real sense 'National'.