1. It defined individual and collective rights.
2. It also insisted that taxation could only be raised by common consent.
3. Thomas Jefferson's influence is clearly discernible in clause 1, which declares that, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights".

1. Thomas Paine, wrote the pamphlet titled Common Sense (1776).
2. In this pamphlet Paine sought to provide arguments to justify the demands of the colonists.
3. The pamphlet had an astounding impact of people.

1. In Berlin under Ludendorff, who had organised the former soldiers against the-Republican government.
2. There was another in Munich, a former corporal.
3. He was Adolf Hitler, the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.

1. Morocco and Egypt related Quarrels were solved.
2. France allowed to operate independently in Morocco.
3. France agreed to recognize the British occupation of Egypt.

1. Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, realised that a reconciliationbetween France and Germany was good for both and for reconstruction of post-War Europe.
2. He presented a plan known as Schuman Plan on 9 May 1950.
3. Accordingly, he proposed that the joint output of coal and steel in the two countries be placed within the framework of a strong, supranational structure, the High Authority.
4. This plan for sectoral economic integration created mutual interests and automatically linked the two countries. West Germany's Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, welcomed the plan to come close to the Western world.

1. The Korean War of 1950-53 and the Vietnam Wars of 1955-75 were classic examples of the Cold War period.
2. In both case Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in North Vietnam and the United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
3. These wars resulted in huge casualties and losses, and turned out to be civil wars as well.
4. International opinion was mobilised in these wars, and anti-Vietnam protests made a profound impact on the politics, society and culture of the US and western Europe.

(i) Pope Paul III appointed the cardinals to reform the Catholic Church.
(ii) The Council of Trent met three times in eighteen years and emphasised faith in the Bible - and the teachings at Church along with adherence to the seven sacraments for salvation.
(iii) The celibacy of the priests and the supremacy of the Pope were upheld.
(iv) The council also removed the abuses in the Church such as sale of indulgence, nepotism and absenteeism of the Bishops.
(v) It supported the image worship of Jesus and Mary in all churches.

1. Livery was the system of giving badges or uniform to the followers of nobles.
2. Maintenance was the system of protecting the interests of the followers by the nobles.
3. Star Chamber was the court of law created by Henry VII to try cases related to the property of the nobles.
4. It is named after the stars painted on the ceiling of a room in Westminster Palace, where the proceedings of the court were conducted.

1. The Carbonari, advocating liberal and patriotic ideas.
2. They kept alive the ideas of liberalism and nationalism
3. As a result Revolts broke out in Naples, Piedmont and Lombardy.

1. The workers dared to oppose the government to shut down the shops created by the efforts of Louis Bane.
2. So, between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed in france.
3. Eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.

1. In Philippines, Cavite uprising, was crushed served to promote the nationalist cause.
2. A number of Filipino intellectuals were arrested.
3. After a brief trial, three priests were publicly executed.

1. Britain and France condemned Mussolini s invasion of Ethiopia.
2. This helped Hitler to establish close relationship with Italy.
3. This was the beginning of Rome-Berlin Axis.

1) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
2) He launched the 'Mahad Satyagraha' to establish the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.

1) The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 to several cities in India was also boycotted.
2)  The calculation of the colonial government that the visit of the Prince would evoke loyal sentiments of the Indian people was proved wrong.

1) The Defence of India Regulations Act, it was an emergency criminal law enacted with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during the First World War.
2) The Act allowed suspects to be tried by special tribunals each consisting of three Commissioners appointed by the Local Government.
3) The act empowered the tribunal to inflict sentences of death, transportation for life, and imprisonment of up to ten years for the violation of rules or orders framed under the act.

1) In order to crush the growing nationalist movement, the government adopted many measures.
2) Lord Curzon created the Criminal Intelligence Department (CID) in 1903 to secretly collect information on the activities of nationalists.
3) The colonial state also resorted to banning meetings, printing and circulation of seditious materials for propaganda, and by detaining the suspects.

1) The patriotism glued with the assertion of Hindu beliefs was not accepable to the Muslims.
2) Also much like their predecessors the leaders of the swadeshi movement failed to penetrate the larger section of the society.
3) The Surat split of 1907 was another contributing factor to this decline.

The mendicant policy of the Moderates was appealing to the British by way of prayers and petitions.

1) The English Education act was passed by the council of india in 1835.
2) T.B Macaulay drafted this system of education introduced in India.
3) Consequently, the colonial administration started schools, Colleges and Universities, imparting English and modern education, in India.
4) The colonial government Expected this section of educated  Indians to be the loyal to the british and act as the pillars of the british Raj. 

1) The British fixed the land revenue in cash without any regard to various contingencies, such as failure of crops, fall in prices and droughts or floods.
2) Moreover, the practice of sale in settlement of debt encouraged money lenders to advance money to landholders and resorting to every kind of trickery to rob them of their property.

Bhagat Singh along with Rajguru; Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das and 21 others were arrested and tried for the murder of Saunders (the case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case).

Philip Spratt, Ban Bradley and Lester Hutchinson

Within twenty years after independence, India achieved self-sufficiency in food production.
1) Total rice production increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 104 million tonnes in 2011-12.
2) wheat production was even more impressive, from 11 million tonnes to 94 million tonnes  during the same period
3) This also created an enormous demand for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and these industries grew as well.
4) There is also a sustained increase in the production of milk and eggs. A large reserve stock of food grain was built up by the government through buying the surplus food grain from the farmers and storing this in warehouses of the Food Corporation of India (FCI).

Tenancy reform legislation was aimed at achieving three ends:
(i) to regulate the rent;
(ii) to secure the rights of the tenant;
(iii) to confer ownership rights on the tenants by expropriating the land of the landowners.

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
2. Mutual non-aggression.
3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
4. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.

1) The challenges before free India included grappling with the consequences of partition, planning the economy and reforming the education system, making a Constitution that reflected the aspirations kindled by the freedom struggle, merger of the Princely states, and resolving the diversity on the basis of languages spoken by the people with the needs of a nation-state.
2) Further, a foreign policy that was in tune with the ideals of democracy, sovereignty and fraternity had to be formulated.

The viceroy issued invitations on 151 June 1946 to the 14 men to join the interim government. Among them,
1. Mohammed Ali Jinnah,
2. Liaquat Ali Khan,
3. Mohammed Ismail Khan,
4. Khwaja Sir Nazimuddin and
5. Abdul Rab Nishtar,
were the Muslim League representatives invited to the Interim Government.

The Muslim League, the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Hindu Maha Sabha, all those who had stayed clear of the Quit India campaign, joined the protests and raised funds for their defence.

One great outcome of the efforts at unity, however, was an offer by the Conference of Muslims, which met at Delhi on March 20, 1927 to give up separate electorates if four proposals were-accepted.
1. The separation of Sind from Bombay
2. Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan
3. Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal and
4. Thirty-three percent seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.

1) The bloody Malabar rebellion of 1921, where Muslim peasants were pitted against both the British rulers and Hindu landlords, gave another reason for the renewed campaign of the Hindu Mahasabha.
2) Though the outbreak was basically an agrarian revolt, communal passion ran high in consequence of which Gandhi himself viewed it as a Hindu-Muslim conflict.
3) Gandhi wanted Muslim leaders to tender a public apology for the happenings in Malabar.