1. Three systems of revenue collection have been introduced by the British.
2. In Bengal and most of north India, the Permanent Settlement placed the responsibility of paying land revenue on the rentier class of zamindars.
3. In south India, the cultivators paid the land revenue demand directly to the government under the system known as "ryotwari" ('ryot' means cultivator).
4. The third system, found in very small pockets of the country, was 'malware' where the village was collectively responsible for paying the land revenue.

1. Zamindar referred to the class of landowners who had been designated during British rule as the intermediaries who paid the land revenue to the government under a Permanent Settlement.
2. They collected rent from peasants cultivating their land and were obliged to remit a fixed amount to the government as land taxes.

1. The total production of food grains was not enough to feet the country, so that a large quantity of food grains had to be imported. Nearly 80 percent of the population depanded on agriculture for their livelihood.
2. This automatically reduced the income of each person to very low levels. This is a situation described as "disguised unemployment".

1. Liberalisation has certainly made India a more attractive destination for foreign investment.
2. State governments are keen to advertise that they are relaxing restrictions to improve the ease of doing business in their state.
3. All this has created a general air of prosperity which is reflected in the growth statistics of the economy as a whole.

1. Agriculture is another area where there has been a significant expansion of research and development.
2. The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) is the coordinating agency for the research done not only in basic agriculture, but also associated activities like fishery, forests, dairy, plant genetics, bio-technology, varieties of crops like rice, tubers, fruits and pest control

1) The Planning Commission was set up to formulate five year plans which would assess the resources of the country and specify targets for the growth of the economy as a whole and the various sub-sectors of the economy.
2) Considerable improvement has been made in literacy and establishment of schools and colleges in the country.
3) However, public investment on education has been low in India.
4) The main problem has been the high drop-out rate at all levels of schooling - primary to higher secondary schools - and this problem is more acute in backward areas, among the disadvantaged classes and particularly among girl children.

Positive achievements
1. The expansion of the economy
2. The significant growth in national and per capita income
3. Increase in industrial production
4. Increased use-of modem inputs in agriculture and increase in agricultural production
5. A more diversified economy:
Failures of planning
1. Failure to eliminate poverty. Poverty levels have fallen, but still an unacceptably high number of persons are below the poverty line
2. Failure to provide full employment
3. Failure to reduce inequalities and prevent concentration of economic power
4. Failure to check the growth of black money.