Karl Marx had this to say on the Commune: "It represented the greatest challenge the new world of capital had yet faced and the greatest inspiration to the new class created by capital in opposition to it".

After the end of Civil War, the United States too underwent an economic transformation, marked by the proliferation of big business houses, and the massive development of agriculture attended with the rise of national labour unions.

(i) In 1834, Prussia was successful in establishing the Zollverein (customs union).
(ii) By the 1840s it included most of the Germanic states except those under the control of Austria and provided economic unity to the Germanic states.
(iii) In 1848, popular pressure led to the introduction of an elected legislative assembly.

(i) Fourier believed in the goodness of human nature and rejected the dogma of "originals in".
(ii) He saw harmony as the law of the cosmos and held that what is true for nature must be true for society.
(iii) He envisaged a harmonious self-contained co-operative society called phalansteres.

Belief in the abolition of state and organisation of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

(i) Chartisni comprised a mixture of different groups holding different ideas.
(ii) Its leaders were divided between those who believed in winning over the existing rulers, and those who believed in overthrowing them.
(iii) Though Chartism was not successful its main demands, which were not conceded in the 1832 Reform Act, were later incorporated in the Parliamentary Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884.

1. The Holy Roman Empire' was an empire only in name.
2. Germany contained three of four hundred separate States.
3. It was their kings who saved these countries from feudal anarchy and made them into nations.
4. Conditions suitable for the rise of Italy and Germany as nation states developed only in the nineteenth century.