1. Intellectuals played a key role in preparing the soil for the outbreak of the French Revolution
2. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau acted as an impetus to the revolution.
3. Montesquieu, argued for the division of power among the legislative, executive and judiciary.
4. Rousseau, argued that the relationship between the rulers and ruled should be bound by a contract.

1. Relying on their understanding with England (Entente Cordiale, 1904) the French decided to go ahead with their plan in Morocco.
2. Early in 1905, a French mission arrived at Fez, a city in Morocco.
3. French treating it as a part of French protectorate.
4. Germany protested so French agreed to refer the dispute to a European conference.

1. In July 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, which was until then privately owned by the Anglo-French Suez Canal Corporation. On 29 October, the Israeli army invaded the Sinai Peninsula.
2. The following day, French and British aircrafts bombed Egyptian air bases.
3. On 5 November 1956, British and French troops landed at the Egyptian town of Port Said.
4. The issue was taken up by the Security Council but Britain and France vetoed the resolution.

(i) The Elizabethan Age produced many scholars during the English Renaissance.
(ii) Notable among them were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Francis Bacon. Christopher Marlowe was an English playwright, whose important works include Dido, The Queen of Carthage, and Tamburlaine the Great.
(iii) The greatest writer in English was William Shakespeare. Born at Stratford upon Avon, he wrote 38 plays and many poems involving various human emotions namely love, anger, tragedy, jealousy, and deceit.
(iv) His comedy plays include As You Like It, The Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer Night s Dream while Othello, Hamlet, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet are examples of tragedies.
(v) His plays, performed in the Globe theatre in London were popular.
(vi) The plays had a profound impact on the English language, and when Britain became an empire after the industrial revolution his plays spread across the world.

1. The working classes were initially unorganised and therefore who llyat the mercy of their employers.
2. Soon they began to feel that without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was possible.
3. So they strove to establish trade unions.
4. This trade unions, was a form of socialism which to attack the states and the welfare of the workers.

1. The Allied bombing of Germany almost completely destroyed the German city of Dresden.
2. The raids became a symbol of the terror bombing campaign against Germany.
3. During this period, 600,000 German citizens were killed.
4. Slowly, the German army was forced back.

pro-changers
1) After suspension of Non-cooperation, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a new line of activity.
2) They wanted to return to active politics which included entry into electoral politics and demonstrate that the nationalists were capable of obstructing the working of the reformed legislature by capturing them and arousing nationalist spirit.
3) This group came to be called the 'Swarajists and pro-changers'. In Tamil Nadu, Satyamurti joined this group.
4) The pro-changers launched the Swarajya party as a part of the Congress.
no changers
1) There was another group which opposed council entry and wanted to continue the Gandhian line by mobilizing the masses.
2) This team led by Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad was called 'No changers'.
3)  They argued that electoral politics would divert the attention of nationalists and pull them away from the work of mass mobilization and their issues.
4) They favoured the continuation of the Gandhian constructive programme of spinning, temperance, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability and mobilise rural masses and prepare them for new mass movements.

The demands of the Khilafat Movement were presented by Mohammad Ali to the diplomats in Paris in March 1920. They were:
1)  The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.,
2) The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan and should be controlled by him.
3) The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and
4) The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty

1) A conspiracy was hatched there to kill Douglas Kingsford, notorious for his cruel ways of dealing with the swadeshi agitators.
2) Two young revolutionaries - 18-year-old Khudiram Bose and 19-year-old Prafulla Chaki were entrusted with the task of carrying out the killing.
3) On 30 April 1908, they mistakenly threw a bomb on a carriage, that, instead of killing Kingsford, killed two English women.
4) Prafulla Chaki committed suicide and Khudiram Bose was arrested and hanged for the murder.
5) Aurobindo Ghose, along with his brother Barinder Kumar Ghose and thirty-five other comrades, were arrested Chittaranjan Das took up the case. It came to be known as the Alipore Bomb case.

1) The introduction of plantation crops such as coffee, tea and sugar in Empire colonies such as Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the Caribbean islands, and South Africa required enormous labour.
2) The abolition of slavery in British India in 1843 also facilitated the processes of emigration to Empire colonies. In 1837 the number of immigrant Tamil labourers employed in Ceylon coffee estate was estimated at 10,000.
3) The industry developed rapidly and so did the demand for Tamil labour.
4) In 1846 its presence was estimated at 80,000 and in 1855 at 128,000 persons. In 1877, the famine year, there were nearly 380,000 Tamil labourers in Ceylon.

1) M. Singaravelu (18 February 1860 11 February 1946), was born in Madras.
2) He was an early Buddhist, and like many other communist leaders, he was also associated with Indian National Congress initially. However, after sometime he chose a radical path.
3) Along with Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram, he organised many trade unions in South India.
4) On 1 May 1923, he organised the first ever celebration of May Day in the country.
5) He was one of the main organisers of the strike in South Indian Railways (Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli) in 1928 and was prosecuted for that.

The setting up of public sector enterprises in heavy industry was again dictated by two considerations.
1) First, at the ideological level, the government was committed to a socialistic pattern of development which involved a high degree of state control over the economy.
2) But at a more practical level, the government had to take over the responsibility for the establishment of heavy industrial units which required a very high level of investment.

(i) The task of integrating the Princely States into the Indian Union is known as Instrument of Accession.
(ii) Instrument of Accession: A legal document, introduced in Government of India Act, 1935, which was later used in the context of Partition enabling Indian rulers to accede their state to either India or Pakistan.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.

Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would otherwise be difficult for them to get fair representation in government. For example, separate electorate for Muslims means that Muslims will choose their separate leader by separate elections for Muslims.