1. The French people believed that political prisoners in the jails were planning to join a plot of the counter-revolutionaries.
2. So the mob descended on the prisons.
3. Summarily executed those they believed to be royalists.
4. In all about 1,200 prisoners were killed in what came to be known as the September Massacres.

1. During the First World War Germany's most fearsome weapon was the submarine or U-Boat.
2. The Germans adopted a strategy to starve Britain by sinking every ship it could.
3. The Q-ships were Britain's answer to the Germany.
4. Britain provoked the attack on Germany through these ships and then resorted to retaliation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
1. Despite the friendship of the United States, Western European countries It insecure.
2. Communist victory in Czechoslovakia added to their fears.
3. The Western European countries were now willing to consider a collective security solution.
4. The representatives of Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg met in Brussels and signed a treaty in March 1948 which provided for military, political, economic and cultural collaboration.
5. After some time USA, Italy, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Ireland and Portugal joined the five Brussels Treaty Powers resulting in the formation of NATO. Under NATO, all the member states agreed to regard an attack on any one of them as an attack on all of them and placed their defence forces under a joint NATO Command Organisation.

(i) It used education as a tool to teach the Catholic religion to the masses.
(ii) They set up various educational institutions to promote the Catholic religion.
(iii) Society of Jesus succeeded in producing efficient and faithful followers of the Church.
(iv) The Jesuits, helped in raising the standard of the Church in Europe.

(i) The most negative result of the Commercial Revolution was the revival of slavery. Slavery had virtually disappeared from European society by the end of the first millennium.
(ii) But the development of mining and plantation farming in the Spanish, Portuguese and English colonies led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
(iii) The attempt to enslave native Americans ended in failure, as they proved too tough to manage. The problem was solved by importing Africans.
(iv) This transatlantic slave trade that exported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas is a sordid story that is a shame on the making of the modem world.

1. The working classes were initially unorganised and therefore who llyat the mercy of their employers.
2. Soon they began to feel that without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was possible.
3. So they strove to establish trade unions.
4. This trade unions, was a form of socialism which to attack the states and the welfare of the workers.

1. The Boxers came from peasants, particularly from Shandong province.
2. The original aim of the Boxers was the destruction of the Manchu dynasty.
3. And also destruction of the Westerners who enjoyed a privileged position in China.
4. The Boxers burned churches and foreign residences.

pro-changers
1) After suspension of Non-cooperation, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a new line of activity.
2) They wanted to return to active politics which included entry into electoral politics and demonstrate that the nationalists were capable of obstructing the working of the reformed legislature by capturing them and arousing nationalist spirit.
3) This group came to be called the 'Swarajists and pro-changers'. In Tamil Nadu, Satyamurti joined this group.
4) The pro-changers launched the Swarajya party as a part of the Congress.
no changers
1) There was another group which opposed council entry and wanted to continue the Gandhian line by mobilizing the masses.
2) This team led by Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad was called 'No changers'.
3)  They argued that electoral politics would divert the attention of nationalists and pull them away from the work of mass mobilization and their issues.
4) They favoured the continuation of the Gandhian constructive programme of spinning, temperance, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability and mobilise rural masses and prepare them for new mass movements.

The demands of the Khilafat Movement were presented by Mohammad Ali to the diplomats in Paris in March 1920. They were:
1)  The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.,
2) The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan and should be controlled by him.
3) The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and
4) The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty

1) The samitis were engaged in a range of activities such as physical and moral training of members, philanthropic work during the famines, epidemics, propagation of Swadeshi message during festivals, and organization of indigenous arbitration courts, and schools.
2) By its very nature boycott was passive action and its aim was to refuse to cooperate with the British administration.

G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu, Rangiah, Balaji Rao and Salem Ramaswamy.

1) Surya Sen's revolutionary group, the Indian Republican Army, was named after the Irish Republican Army.
2) They planned a rebellion to occupy Chittagong in a guerrilla-style operation. The Chittagong armouries were raided on the night of 18 April 1930.
3) Simultaneous attacks were launched on telegraph offices, the armoury and the police barracks to cut off all communication networks including the railways to isolate the region. It was aimed at challenging the colonial administration directly.
4) The revolutionaries hoisted the national flag and symbolically shouted slogans such as Bande Matram and Inquilab Zindabad.
5) The raids and the resistance continued for the next three years.

Bhoodan movement started by Vinoba Bhave to persuade large landowners to surrender their surplus land voluntarily attracted much public attention, But the end results were disappointing, since the land thus surrendered was usually unproductive land.

This process and the commitment of the leaders of independent India to the concerns of the people of Kashmir led the Constituent Assembly to provide for autonomous status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.

The League supported the partition of Bengal, demanded separate electorates for Muslims, and pressed for safeguards for Muslims in Government Service.