(i) Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
(ii) The zamorin ruler allowed Cabral to build a fort and carry on trade.
(iii) He then left for Cochin, further south, where he was warmly received.
(iv) After establishing a port at Cannanore Cabral returned with six shiploads of spices to Portugal.

(i) On 3 August 1492 Columbus sailed from the harbour of Palos, with three small ships.
(ii) After a voyage of two months, he came to a land which he believed to be India.
(iv) But it wag really a new continent, America.
(v) They were called Indians because, he believed that the land he had discovered was India.

(i) It used education as a tool to teach the Catholic religion to the masses.
(ii) They set up various educational institutions to promote the Catholic religion.
(iii) Society of Jesus succeeded in producing efficient and faithful followers of the Church.
(iv) The Jesuits, helped in raising the standard of the Church in Europe.

(i) The most negative result of the Commercial Revolution was the revival of slavery. Slavery had virtually disappeared from European society by the end of the first millennium.
(ii) But the development of mining and plantation farming in the Spanish, Portuguese and English colonies led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
(iii) The attempt to enslave native Americans ended in failure, as they proved too tough to manage. The problem was solved by importing Africans.
(iv) This transatlantic slave trade that exported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas is a sordid story that is a shame on the making of the modem world.

(i) John Cabot, an Itali are explorer saw the Canada and made it an English colony.
(ii) Giovanni da Verrazano, another Italian, explored the lands for the French.
(iii) He annexed provinces for the French in eastern Canada.
(iv) An English explorer named Henry Hudson wanted to find the passage from North America to the Pacific Ocean.

(i) The Elizabethan Age produced many scholars during the English Renaissance.
(ii) Notable among them were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Francis Bacon. Christopher Marlowe was an English playwright, whose important works include Dido, The Queen of Carthage, and Tamburlaine the Great.
(iii) The greatest writer in English was William Shakespeare. Born at Stratford upon Avon, he wrote 38 plays and many poems involving various human emotions namely love, anger, tragedy, jealousy, and deceit.
(iv) His comedy plays include As You Like It, The Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer Night s Dream while Othello, Hamlet, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet are examples of tragedies.
(v) His plays, performed in the Globe theatre in London were popular.
(vi) The plays had a profound impact on the English language, and when Britain became an empire after the industrial revolution his plays spread across the world.

(i) Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of the ancient Romans.
(ii) They looked back upon their ancestry with pride.
(iii) Italy had a more secular culture than most other parts of Latin Christendom.
(iv) The old cathedrals and paintings seemed to them gloomy and the old traditions irksome. So in their search for something more to their write page, they discovered books written in Latin.
(v) They learnt to write Latin as the ancient Romans did.