1. By the end of the nineteenth century Germany emerged as the most industrialised country.
2. It surpassed the home of the Industrial Revolution, Britain, and proved to be a competitor of the United States.
3. Daimler and Benz became the most popular brands of automobile in Germany and the world.
4. Germany made its mark in iron and steel industry.

1. When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the King of Portugal, Tom Jovo, fled to his colony, Brazil.
2. But later, his power was challenged in Portugal.
3. So he decided to go to Portugal leaving the colony of Brazil in the hands of his son DomPedro.
4. In 1822, Brazil obtained independence from Portugal.
5. It became the only constitutional monarchy in SouthAmerica.

1. The French people believed that political prisoners in the jails were planning to join a plot of the counter-revolutionaries.
2. So the mob descended on the prisons.
3. Summarily executed those they believed to be royalists.
4. In all about 1,200 prisoners were killed in what came to be known as the September Massacres.

1. Intellectuals played a key role in preparing the soil for the outbreak of the French Revolution
2. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau acted as an impetus to the revolution.
3. Montesquieu, argued for the division of power among the legislative, executive and judiciary.
4. Rousseau, argued that the relationship between the rulers and ruled should be bound by a contract.

1. The concepts of democracy and republic became widespread.
2. The political and social changes were on the lines of democracy and equality.
3. Education gained prominence.
4. The principle of federalism became widespread.

1. Britain recognised the freedom colonies and the formation of the United States of America.
2. France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
3. Spain obtained Florida from Great Britain
4. Holland and England maintained the status quo that prevailed before the war.