line emission

line absorption

band emission

band absorption

–y direction

–x direction

+z direction

–z direction

in phase and perpendicular to each other

out of phase and not perpendicular to each other

in phase and not perpendicular to each other

out of phase and perpendicular to each other

it transport energy

it transport momentum

it transport angular momentum

in vacuum, it travels with different speeds which depend on their frequency

0.3 x 10⁻¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

3 x 10⁻¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

0.3 x 10¹⁴ rad s⁻¹

3 x 10¹⁴ rad s^-1

an accelerating charge

a charge moving at constant velocity

a stationary charge

an uncharged particle

α - rays

β - rays

\(\gamma\) - rays

all of them

\(\oint { \vec { E } .d\vec { A } } =\frac { { Q }_{ enclosed } }{ { \in }_{ 0 } } \)

\(\oint { \vec { B } .d\vec { A } } \) = 0

\(\oint { \vec { B } .d\vec { l } } ={ \mu }_{ 0 }{ i }_{ c}+{ \mu }_{ 0 }{ \in }_{ 0 }\frac { d }{ dt } \oint_s { \vec { E } .d\vec { A } } \)

\(\oint { \vec { E } .d\vec { l } } =-\frac { d }{ dt } { \Phi }_{ B }\)

1.414 x 10^-8 T

1.0 x 10^-8 T

2.828 x 10^-8 T

2.0 x 10^-8 T

\(\vec { E } ={ E }_{ 0 }\hat { i } \) and \(\vec { B } ={ B }_{ 0 }\hat { k } \)

\(\vec { E } ={ E }_{ 0 }\hat { k } \) and \(\vec { B } ={ B }_{ 0 }\hat { j } \)

\(\vec { E } ={ E }_{ 0 }\hat { i } \) and \(\vec { B } ={ B }_{ 0 }\hat { j } \)

\(\vec { E } ={ E }_{ 0 }\hat { j } \) and \(\vec { B } ={ B }_{ 0 }\hat { i } \)

1 m

10 m

100 m

1000 m

transverse

non-mechanical waves

longitudinal

produced by accelerating charges

microwave

gamma rays

X- rays

infrared

100 V m⁻¹

300 V m^-1

600 V m^-1

900 V m^-1