Tetracycline inhibits binding between aminoacyl tRNA and mRNA.
Streptomycin inhibits initiation of translation and causes misreading.

Cytosine = 20, hence Guanine = 20
As per Chargaff's rule (A+T) = (G+C) = 100
Percent of Thymine + Adenine = 20 + 20 = 100
( T + A ) = ( 20 + 20) = 100
( T + A ) = 100 - ( 20 + 20 )
T + A = 100 - 40
T + A = 60
Therefore the percent of Adenine will be 60/2 = 30%.

The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed transcription. This process takes place in presence of DNA dependent RNA polymerase.

Francis Crick proposed the Central dogma in molecular biology which states that genetic information flows as follows:

The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamere to form a structure called nucleosome. A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix

There are ten base pairs in each turn with a distance of 0.34 x 10^-9m between two adjacent base pairs.

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil.

In nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), the nitrogenous base is chemically linked to one molecule of sugar forming a nucleotide.
When a phosphate group is attached to the nucleoside, it becomes a nucleotide. The nucleotides are polymerised to form a polynucleotide chain (DNA and RNA).

The phosphate functional group (PO₄) present in DNA and RNA gives the property of an acid (releasing H⁺ ion or proton in solution) at physiological pH. Hence the name nucleic acid.

There are 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (Called SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - pronounce as snips) occurs in human's genome.
(i) By tracing human history
(ii) By finding chromosomal locations for disease associated sequences

A - \(5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}\) is called a coding strand.
B - \(3^{\prime} \rightarrow 5^{\prime}\) is called a template strand.

1. The genetic code is universal. It means that all known living systems use nucleic acids and the same three base codons (triplet codon) direct the synthesis of protein from amino acids. E.g, mRNA ,(UUU) codon codes for phenylalanine in all cells of all organisms.
2. Some exceptions are reported in prokaryotic, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. However similarities are more common than differences.

(i) Identify all the genes (approximately 30000) in human DNA.
(ii) To store this information in databases.
(iii) Improve tools for data analysis.