(a) Forensic analysis
(b) Pedigree analysis
(c) Conservation of wildlife
(d) Anthropological studies

A translation unit in mRNA is the sequence of RNA that is flanked by the start codon on 5' end and stop codon on 3' end and codes of polypeptide

Methionine - Lysine - Aspartic acid - Glycine

The process of removing introns from mRNA is called splicing

DNA ligase, Topoisomerase (DNA gyrase), Helicase and Nuclease

DNA polymerase I }
DNA polymerase II }  Involved in DNA repair mechanism
DNA polymerase III} Involved in DNA replication

(a) Self replication
(b) Information storage
(c) Stability
(d) Variation through mutation

a) RNA was reactive and hence highly unstable.
b) Some RNA molecules acts as gene regulators by binding to DNA and affect gene expression.
c) Uracil of RNA is less stable than thymine of DNA.

There are 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (Called SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - pronounce as snips) occurs in human's genome.
(i) By tracing human history
(ii) By finding chromosomal locations for disease associated sequences

A - \(5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}\) is called a coding strand.
B - \(3^{\prime} \rightarrow 5^{\prime}\) is called a template strand.

1. The genetic code is universal. It means that all known living systems use nucleic acids and the same three base codons (triplet codon) direct the synthesis of protein from amino acids. E.g, mRNA ,(UUU) codon codes for phenylalanine in all cells of all organisms.
2. Some exceptions are reported in prokaryotic, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. However similarities are more common than differences.

When lactose is absent "i" gene regulates and produces repressor mRNA in the absence of lactose, which blocks the transcription. The repressor protein binds to the operator region of the operon and as a result prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the operon. The operon will be switched off (stop) in this situation.

(i) Identify all the genes (approximately 30000) in human DNA.
(ii) To store this information in databases.
(iii) Improve tools for data analysis.  

During DNA replication, One acts as the leading strand and the other is the lagging strand.