Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, the Saint Day, Redentore, Tomatina and Carnival are the important festivals of Europe.

(i) Europe is the third most populous continent, after Asia and Africa.
(ii) The population of Europe was 742 million in 2018, which accounted for 9.73% of the world's population.
(iii) The population density in Europe is 34 persons / km².
(iv) Monaco has the highest density of population in Europe [26105 persons / km²] as well as in the world.
(v) Iceland has a very low density of population. [3 persons / km²]

(i) Portugal
(ii) Spain
(iii) Italy
(iv) Greece
(v) Monaces
(vi) Vatican city
(vii) San Marino
(viii) Malta

Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Rhone, Po, Thames.

The important mountain ranges are the Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Caucasus and the Carpathian.

(i) Asia is the biggest continent.
(ii) It has different types of land features such as mountain, plateau, plain, valley, bay, island etc.
(iii) It also has different climatic conditions from the equator to polar region.
(iv) Many races, languages, religions and cultures are followed by people who live in Asia.
(v) So, Asia is called 'the land of contrasts'.

Tokyo, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Chennai, Mumbai, Karachi and Dubai are the important seaports in Asia.

(i) The population is unevenly distributed because of various physical features.
(ii) River plains and industrial regions have high density of population, whereas low density is found in the interior parts of Asia.

(i) The Arabic word Monsoon means Season.
(ii) Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction between seasons every year.
(iii) Eg: North East Monsoon - Tamil Nadu.

(i) The plateau of Anatolia (Pontine to Taurus)
(ii) The plateau of Iran (Elburz to Zagros mt)
(iii) The plateau of Tibet (Kunlun to Himalayas)

(i) Northern hemisphere
(ii) Southern hemisphere
(iii) Eastern hemisphere 
(iv) Western hemisphere

(i) The imaginary lines which are drawn horizontally on East-West direction on the Earth are called the lines or Parallels of latitudes.
(ii) The imaginary lines drawn vertically connecting the North pole and the south pole called lines or meridians of longitude.

The Sun is overhead on a line of longitude only once in a day.

When the sun is overhead on a particular line of longitude, it is 12 noon at all the places located on that line of longitude. This is called local time.

(i) The Earth which is spherical, is flat at the poles and bulges at the Equator.
(ii) The Earth cannot be compared with any other geometrical shape as it has a very unique shape.
(iii) Hence, its shape is called a geoid.

(i) Due to heavy rainfall from North east Monsoon.
(ii) Inefficient engineering design in the construction of embankments, dams, and canals
(iii) Did not follow some important safety precautions.

(i) Thunder is a series of sudden electrical discharge resulting from atmospheric conditions.
(ii) This discharge results in sudden flashes of light and trembling sound waves which are commonly known as thunder and lightning.

Disaster is broadly classified into natural and manmade disasters.
(i) Natural disasters - Earthquake, Tsunamis, Cyclone, Floods etc.
(ii) Man-made disasters - Fire, Building and Industry accidents, Transport accidents etc.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society involving human and material loss.

Important lines of latitude:
1. North pole 90^o N.
2. Tropic of Capricorn 231/2^o S.
3. Arctic Circle 661/2^o N.
4. Antartic Circle 661/2^o S.
5. Tropic of Cancer 231/2^o N.
6. South Pole 90^o S.
7. Equator 0^o.
Zones of the Earth:
Torrid zone:
(i) It lies 0^o to 231/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall vertically over this region and the average temperature is very high.
Temperate zone:
(i) It lies 231/2^o N to 661/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall slantingly. Moderate temperature prevails in this region.
Frigid zone:
(i) It lies 661/2^o N to 90^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall further inclined, throughout the year. The temperature is very low.

Northern Hemisphere:

The area of the Earth found. between the Equator [0^o] and the North pole [90^o] is called the Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere:

The area of the Earth from the equator to the South pole [90^oS] is called the Southern Hemisphere.
Eastern Hemisphere:

The part of the Earth between the 0^o line of longitude and the 180^o East line of longitude is known as the Eastern Hemisphere.
Western Hemisphere:

The part of the Earth from 0^o line of longitude to 180^o West line of longitude is called as Western Hemisphere.

Flood:
An overflow of a large amount of water, beyond its normal limits, especially on the rain fed areas is called a flood.
Do's during flood:
(i) Cut off gas connection and electricity.
(ii) Leave immediately through the prescribed.
(iii) Drink hot water.
Don'ts:
(i) Try to connect electricity once it is cut.
(ii) Operate vehicles.
(iii) Swim against floods.
(iv) Avoid going on excursions.
(v) Neglect flood warning messages.