Our earth is surrounded by a layer of gases which is known as the atmosphere. It is mainly composed of  78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Carbon dioxide and other gases. They are essential for life in the following ways:
(i) Required in various forms to maintain the fertility of soil.
(ii) Help plants to grow which provide us food.
(iii) Carbon dioxide helps plant to manufacture food in the presence of sunlight.

Inequality means the unavailability of resources and opportunities for different people. The caste system is an example of inequality. Inequality has various forms like :
Economic inequality comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.
Social inequality refers to the lack of social equality, where individuals in a society do not have equal social status, adequate provision of healthcare facilities, etc.
Political inequality exists where people are not given voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, freedom to contest elections and so on.

The chief had died last night. The whole community had gathered near his house to pay their last homage. May be they were wearing white coloured clothes. In the fields outside, people had collected things needed for the burial. The fire was lighted and some people were cooking food. May be rice was being cooked along with vegetables in the mud pot or they may be cooking that food which was relished by the chief. The people may be chanting the holy prayers, otherwise there was silence all round.

The Lives of kings and the Lives offormers were different in this manner:
(i) The kings usually lived in urban areas in their palaces. forts while the farmers lived in rural areas in their small houses or huts.
(ii) The kings were depended on others for the supplies offood while the farmers produced food for
themselves and for others also.

When in August 2005, the government increased the money people had to pay for electricity, this is how people reacted:
(i) They were very angry and expressed their disapproval very sharply.
(ii) They took out rallies and also organised a signature campaign.

The celestial bodies that have their own light and heat and they emit it in large amount are called stars. They are generally big in size and hot. They are made-up of gases. 
Every celestial body doesn't have their own light and heat, that's why we can't call them stars.

Hints for students
(i) Name and location of your state or Union Territory, write the name of your region.
(ii) Look carefully in the map, is any janapada site in your state/UTs.
(iii) If yes, name that janapadas.
(iv] If not, look all directions of your state (East, West, North, South).
(v) See the map

North America:
(i) North America is the third largest continent of the world.
(ii) It is linked to South America by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.
(iii) The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western Hemisphere.
(iv) Three oceans which surround this continent are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
South America:
(i) South America lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
(ii) The Andes, world's longest mountain range runs through its length from North to South.
(iii) South America has the world's largest river, the Amazon River.

(i) There are three different levels of courts in India. There are several courts at the lower level and only one court at the apex level.
(ii) The courts that most people interact with called as District Courts. These are at the district or Tehsil or towns and they hear all kinds of cases.
(iii) Every State has a High Court which is the highest court of appeal of that State.
(iv) At the top is the Supreme Court which is presided over by the Chief Justice of India.
(v) The decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on all the other courts in India.

(i) Around 3900 years ago, we find the beginning of a major change. People stopped living in many of the cities.
(ii) Writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
(iii) Raw materials brought from distant places became rare.
(iv) In Mohenjodaro, we find that garbage was piled up on the streets, the drainage system broke down, and new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets.

(i) The first Varna was that of the Brahmin. Brahmins were expected to study (and teach) the Vedas, perform sacrifices and receive gifts.
(ii) In the second place were the rulers, also known as Kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people.
(iii) Third were the Vish or the Vaishyas. They were expected to be farmers, herders, and traders. Both the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas could perform sacrifices.
(iv) Last were the Shudras, who had to serve the other three groups and could not perform any rituals. Often, women were also grouped with the Shudras. Both women and Shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas.

The hawkers face many things per day.
These are following:
(i) They work on their own, they are not employed by anyone. They sell their products from one place to another.
(ii) Their shops are usually temporary structures like some boards or papers spread over discarded boxes or may be a canvas sheet hung up on a few poles.
(iii) They may also use their own carts or simply a plastic sheet spread on the pavement.
(iv) They can be asked to dismantle their shops at any time by the police. 
(v) There are certain parts of the city where these hawkers are not allowed to enter.

Broadly. the major seasons recognised in India are:
Cold Weather Season (Winter) December to February: During the winter season. cool. dry winds blow from North to South.
Hot Weather Season (Summer) March to May: In the hot weather season, sun rays more or less directly fall in this region.
South-West Monsoon Season (Rainy) June to September: This season is marked by the onset and advance of monsoon. The winds blow from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land.
Season of Retreating Monsoon (Autumn) October and November: Winds move back from the mainland to the Bay of Bengal. This is the season of the retreating monsoons.