The functions of urban administration are the following:
(i) Collection of house tax and water taxes.
(ii) Cleaning of city drainage system
(iii) Maintenance of parks and markets.
(iv) Regulating the urban development and local management of civic facilities.

The horsts and graben are related with plateau. The uplifted blocks of plateau are termed as horsts while the lower blocks of plateau on the steep are called graben.

Upanishad is later Vedic text. It literally means 'approaching and sitting near' and often ideas are presented through simple conversations between teachers and students. Upanishadic thinkers are mainly men, i.e. branmins and rajas \/ery few women thinkers, like Gargi are mentioned.
Poor people, like Satyakama Jabala is a famous thinker of that period. Upanishads are later developed by the great thinker Shankaracharya.

(i) All living organisms including humans are linked to each other and to the biosphere for survival.
(ii) The organisms in biosphere may be broadly divided into the plant kingdom and animal kingdom.
(iii) The three domains of the Earth interact with each other and affect each other in some way or the other.
For example, cutting of forests for fulfilling our needs of wood or clearing land for agriculture may lead to fast removal of soil from slopes. Similarly, the earth's surface may be changed due to natural calamities like earthquakes.

There are several reasons for which land records are compulsory. Suppose a farmer wants to buy a plot or field. Then, he needs to authenticate it. This can be done through the land records. If a farmer wants a loan from banks to dig a well in his land, he has to show the land records to prove that the land belongs to him. Moreover, these records are also essential for buying and selling of their properties. If the farmer wants to divide his property among his children, then the land records are essential.

The emperors run the empire as:
• The ruling pattern was varying in empires due to the largeness of the empire.
• The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor meant that officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, craftspersons and traders, who lived in villages and towns in the area.
• Many of these officials were given salaries and these officials punished those who disobeyed the ruler's orders.
• Messengers went to and fro, and spies kept a watch on the officials and of course the emperor supervised them all, with the help of members of the royal family, and senior ministers.
• The other areas or provinces were ruled from a provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain although there was some amount of control from Pataliputra.
• The royal princes were often sent as governors, local customs and rules were probably followed.