(i) Red Sea - It is named Red sea because it contains a Cyanobacteria which turns the normally blue-green water a reddish one. It gets connected to the ocean without even one river meeting the sea.
(ii) Black Sea - The Black Sea was first named by the ancient greeks as in hospitable sea. The sea got this reputation because it was different to navigate and hostile tribes inhabited its shores. After the successful development of the coast by the Greek colonists, the sea was named hospitable sea.
(iii) Dead Sea - The Dead Sea is roughly 8.6 times saltier than the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish.

(i) Mountains make up more than a quarter of the planet's land mass. These surfaces provide resources for nearly 700 million people through out the world.
(ii) Mountains provide energy resources, food and water to people all around the world.
(iii) But climate change could cause mountains to shrink.
(iv) Deforestation has also been a threat while natural disasters often damage many mountains.
(v) Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world. So like conservation of forests, conservation of mountains also equally important.

Prepare slogans, posters and placards to celebrate International Mountain Day.
(i) "Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world."
(ii) "Mountains are beautiful as they rise up above the clouds and show just how grand the world can be."
(iii) "Great things are done when men and mountains meet."
(iv) "How glorious a greeting the Sun gives the mountains."
(v) "Mountains are earth's undecaying monuments."
(vi) "The mountains, forests and seas render men savage, they develop fierce, but yet do not destroy the human. "
(vii) "Men stumble over pebbles, never over mountains."
(viii) "Each fresh peak ascended teaches something."
(ix) "Mountains are the beginning and end of all natural scenery."
(x) "He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary.

1. Valley
2. Third Order
3. Erosion

a) Uranus
b) Green
c) Due to the presence of methane

a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Uranus
d. Mars

(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarat. It shows the maritime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Cylindrical seals similar to those found in Persian Gulf and mesopotamia have also been found in the Indus area.
(iii) This shows the trade links between these two areas.

Agriculture was one of their occupation:
(i) Granaries were used to store food grains.
(ii) The remains of wheat, barley, millets, sesame and pulses have been found there.
(iii) A granary with walls made of mud bricks, which are still in a good condition, has been discovered in Rakhigarhi, a village in Haryana, belonging to mature Harappan phase.

(a) Lamp post
(i) Each house and street had a lamp post in Indus civilisation.
(ii) Now a days there is no electric lamp post in deep rural area.
(b) Burnt bricks
(i) The houses were built using baked bricks and mortar.
(ii) Present days we built varity of houses like concrete house, thatch house, etc....
(c) Underground drainage system
(i) Many of these cities in Indus has covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Now a days underground drainage system is functioning only major cities.
(d) Weights and measurement
(i) Indus people had developed a systern of standardised weights and measures.
(ii) Present day we used electronic weighing machine also.
(e) Dockyard
(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the manitime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Now a days there are so many seaports spread in all over India.

The remedial measures for abolishing inequality and discrimination in Indian society are as follows.
(i) Wider access to quality based services like healthcare and education for all.
(ii) Be aware of current gender bias.
(iii) Make women more visible in public life and institution to eradicate gender disparity.
(iv) Be open to learning about other religions.
(v) Promoting community dining in the classroom may help the students to sit together without any bias of caste, religion or gender.
(vi) Socialise with people of all types outside home.
(vii) Effective implementation of laws.

(i) According to census of India 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
(ii) Four major Indian language families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino Tibetian. Tamil is the oldest Dravidian language.
(iii) Historically, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French came to India for trade and their occupation of India or some parts of it has left behind a certain impact upon the culture and language of the people.
(iv) Because the British ruled over the entire country for over three hundred years before independence in 1947, the English language gained prominence in India. In due course, English has emerged as an important language and a medium of instruction in schools and colleges.
(v) It is widely used in official communication and daily life.
Cultural Diversity :
(i) The term 'culture' refers to customs and practices of people, their language, their dress code, cuisine, religion, social habits, music, art, and architecture.
(ii) The culture of a group of people is reflected in their social behavior and interactions.
(iii) The group identity fostered by social patterns is unique to a group.
(iv) Art and architecture are an integral part of every community.
(v) It develops as a part of culture and tradition of a community.
(vi) Each of the 29 states and 7 Union territories of India has rich traditions and unique ways of artistic expression.

(i) The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface.
(ii) It carry out about 50% of global primary production and support the greatest biodiversity on the Earth.
(iii) They are also one of the largest carbon reservoirs in the Earth system.
(iv) It regulate climate and weather climate.
(v) They vital role in transportation in sea trade.
(vi) Ocean currens are playing a keyrole in climatic control in coastal regions.

Plains are highly populated.
Reason:
(i) Plains are a flat and relatively low-lying lands.
(ii) Plains are usually less than 200 metre above sea level.
(iii) Most plains are formed by rivers and their tributaries and distributaries.
(iv) These plains are used extensively for agriculture due to the availability of water and fertile soil.
(v) They are most suitable for human inhabitation.
(vi) Hence, they are the highly populated regions of the world.
(vii) The Indo-Gangetic plain in North India is one of the largest plains in the world.
(viii) The plains formed by river cauvery and vaigai are important plains found in tamil nadu.

Plateaus:
(i) Plateaus are the elevated portions of the earth that have flat surfaces bounded by steep slopes.
(ii) The elevation of plateaus may be a few hundred metre or several thousand metre.
(iii) Tibetan plateau is the highest plateau in the world.
(iv) So, it is called as the 'Roof of the world'.
(v) The flat lopped part of the plateau is called tableland.
(vi) The plateaus are generally rich in minerals.
(vii) The Chota Nagpur plateau is one of the mineral rich plateaus in India.
(viii) Therefore, rnining is one of the major aclivities of the people living here.
(ix) The deccan plateau in peninsular india is of volcanic origin. Dharmapuri plateau, coimbatore plateau, madurai plateau are found in tamil nadu.

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND FORMS:
First Order:
Continents: The vast land masses on earth are called continents.
Oceans: Oceans are vast expanse of water.
Second Order:
Mountains: A landform that rises 600 metre above its surroundings and has steep slopes is called a mountain.
Plateaus: Plateaus are the elevated portions of the earth that have flat surfaces bounded by steep slopes.
Plains: Plains are a flat and relatively low lying lands.
Third Order:
(i) Third order landforms are formed on Mountains, plateaus, and plains mainly by erosional and depositional activities of rivers, glaciers, winds and waves.
(ii) Valleys, beaches and sand dunes are some examples of the third order landforms.

Rotation:
(i) It is the spinning movement of the earth on its axis.
(ii) The rotation of the earth causes day and night.
(iii) As the earth is spherical in shape, only one half of it is illuminated by the sun at a time.
(iv) The other half remains dark.
(v) The illuminated portion of the earth experiences day, whereas the darkened part of the earth experiences night.
Revolution:
(i) It is the movement of the earth around the sun on its elliptical path.
(ii) The inclination of the earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun cause different seasons.