1. The raw materials obtained from the primary acti~ities are converted into finished products through machinery on a large scale.
2. These activities are called secondary activities.

(i) This anthem has to be sung at a duration of 52 seconds.
(ii) Everyone should stand erect while singing the national anthem.
(iii) One should understand the meaning while singing.

(i) Anthropology is the study of human and evolutionary history.
(ii) The word anthropology is derived from two Greek words
(iii) Anthropos meaning "man" or "human";
(iv) Logos, meaning "thought" or "reason.

Evolution is the process through which the human kind changes and develops towards an advanced stage of life.

(i) We should understand the life style of olden Age people with the help of museum.
(ii) Research students are get more information for museum

On the basis of raw materials, industries are classified as
(i) Agro based industries - Cotton textiles, Sugar mills and Food processing.
(ii) Forest based industries - Paper mills, Furniture making, Building Materials.
(iii) Mineral based industries - Cement industry, Iron industry, and Aluminum Industries.
(iv) Marine based industries - Sea food processing.

Influence of Jainism [Samanam] in Tamil Nadu:
(i) In ancient Tamil literature, Jainism is referred to as Samanam.
(ii) There is a Samanar Hill or Samanar Malai in Keelakuyilkudi village, 15 km away from Madurai. The images of Tirthankaras created by Jain monks are found in the hill. It is a protected monument of Archaelogical Survey of India.
(iii) In Arittapatti, a small village 25 km from Madurai, on one side of Kalinjamalai hill there are Jain caves called Pandvar Padukka Pandavar Padukkai is the bed of Jain saints. This is the influence of Buddhism in Tamil Nadu.
(iv) Manimegalai, one of the epics of the post Sangam age is a Buddhist literature.
(v) Kanchipuram was a famous Buddhist Centre from where Dinnaga, the famous Buddhist logic logician, and Dharmapala, a great scholar of Nalanda University hailed.

(i) Red Sea - It is named Red sea because it contains a Cyanobacteria which turns the normally blue-green water a reddish one. It gets connected to the ocean without even one river meeting the sea.
(ii) Black Sea - The Black Sea was first named by the ancient greeks as in hospitable sea. The sea got this reputation because it was different to navigate and hostile tribes inhabited its shores. After the successful development of the coast by the Greek colonists, the sea was named hospitable sea.
(iii) Dead Sea - The Dead Sea is roughly 8.6 times saltier than the ocean. This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which animals cannot flourish.

a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Uranus
d. Mars

Types of discrimination:
(a) Caste discrimination
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Religious discrimination
(a) Gaste discrimination:
(i) Caste system is the most dominant reason for inequality and discrimination in India.
(ii) Many people in India have fought against caste oppression.
(iii) The most prominent among them was Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
(iv) He fought actively for equality among the citizens of India.
(b) Gender discrimination:
(i) Gender discrimination refers to health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India.
(ii) For example a girl is not allowed to go to college after finishing her schooling.
(iii) Most of the girls are not allowed to select a career of their choice, rather they are forced into marriage.
(iv) In some families, girls are not allowed to wear modern dresses while boys in such families often wear modern dresses.
(c) Religious discrimination:
(i) Religions discrimination is unequal treatment of an individual or group based on their beliefs.
(ii) Religious discrimination has been around for a long time.
(iii) There have been problems between people of different religions for thousands of years.
(iv) Some people are not allowed to enter in public places; especially the places of worship, because they belong to another religion.
(v) Some religious people often end up in conflict with each other because of their rituals and way of life.

(i) The different forms of inequalities such as caste inequality, religious inequality, race inequality or gender inequality give rise to discrimination.
(ii) Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion gender etc.
(iii) Treating dark-skinned people differently from fair-skinned people, giving more importance to people of higher than to those of lower caste and thinking boys are smarter than girls are all thoughts of discrimination.
(iv) Article 15(1) of the constitution states that the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

1. Andhra Pradesh - Brahmotsavam
2. Arunachal Pradesh - Losar festival
3. Assam - Bohag Bihu
4. Bihar - Chhath Puja
5. Chhattisgarh - Bastar Dussehra
6. Goa - Carnival
7. Gujarat - Janmashtami, Diwali
8. Haryana - Baisaki
9. Himachal Pradesh - Maha Sivarathiri
10. Jammu and Kashmir - Eid-Ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha
11. Jharkhand - Holi
12. Karnataka - Vgadi
13. Kerala - Onam
14. Madhya Predesh - Diwali
15. Maharastra - Ganesh Chaturthi
16. Manipur - Yaoshang
17. Meghalaya - Nongkrem Dance Festival
18. Mizoram - Chapachar kut Festival
19. Nagaland - Hombill Festival
20. Odisha - Raja Parba
21. Punjab - Lohri
22. Rajasthan - Gangaur Festival
23. Sikkim - Saga Dawa
24. Tamil Nadu - Pongal
25. Telangana - Bonalu
26. Tripura - Kashi puja
27. Uttra Pradesh - Navaratri
28. Uttarkhand - Ganga Dusshera
29. West Bengal - Durga Pooja

(i) Scholars like Dharmabalar, Jothibalar, Sumathi and Bodhi Dharmar were born in Kanchi.
Bodhi Dharmar:
(i) Bodhi Dharmar is considered the found father of zen Buddhism
(ii) He taught martial arts to the Chinese and also how to control the breath to strengthen the blood and immune system energize the brain.
(iii) He passed away around 534 C.E.
Dharmapala:
(i) He lived in patatitta vihara near Kanchi.
(ii) He wrote pali commentaries for some of the Tripitakas.
(iii) He taught at Nalanda University but died young at the age of 32.

(i) The earth is the most suitable planet to support life.
(ii) It has thrge major components that we call as the realms of the Earth lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Lithosphere:
(i) The lithosphere is the land on which we live.
(ii) It is the solid outer layer of the earth consisting of rocks and soils.
Hydrosphere:
(i) The hydrosphere consists of water bodies such as oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps.on mountains and water vapour in the atmosphere.
Atmosphere:
(i) Atmosphere is the envelope of air that surrounds the earth.
(ii) Different types of gases make up the atmosphere.
(iii) The major gases are Nitrogen 78% and Oxygen 21%.
(iv) The other gases like Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Helium, Argon and Ozone are present in meager amounts.
Biosphere:
(i) The narrow belt of interaction among the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, where life exists is known as biosphere.
(ii) Bio means life in Greek.
(iii) It consists of distinct zones.
(iv) Each zone has its own climate, plant and animal life.
(iv) These zones are known as ecosystems.