Shruti - 'Shrutis' means listening (or unwritten) ones that was transmitted orally through generations.
Gramani - Gramani was the head of a village called Grama
Rashtras - Rasthras were tribal Kingdoms during Rig vedic period. (Bharatas. Matsyas, Puras)
Iron Age - Towards the end of Iron age, people stepped into what is known as Megalithic culture.
Semi nomadic - Semi nomadic people lived usually in portable or temporary dwellings.
Border - Under border system people exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in turn.

Status of women in Rig Vedic Period:
(i) In Rig Vedic society, women relatively enjoyed some freedom.
(ii) The wife was respected as the mistress of the household.
(iii) She could perform rituals in her house.
(iv) Child marriage and sati were unknown.
(v) There was no bar on the remarriage of widows.
(vi) Nevertheless, the women were denied right.to inherit property from their parents.
(vii) They played no role in public affairs.
Later Vedic period:
(i) In the later Vedic period the role of women in society, as well as their status, even within the family, declined.
(ii) Women could no longer perform rituals in the family.
(iii) The rules of marriage became much more rigid.
(iv) Polygamy became common.
(v) Widow remarriage was not encouraged.
(vi) Education was denied to women.
(vii) lntercaste marriages were spurned.

Kodumanal Erode District
(i) It is identified with the Kodumanarn of Pathitrupathu.
(ii) More than 300 pottery inscriptions in Tarnil-Brahmi have been discovered there.
(iii) Archaeologists have also discovered spindles, whorls (used for making thread from cotton) and pieces of cloth, along with tools, weapons, ornaments, beads, particularly carnelian.
(iv) A Menhir found at burial site is assigned tothe Megalithic period.

(i) Use of iron plough and axe helped to put more areas of land under cultivation.
(ii) Crops of wheat, rice and barley were cultivated.
(iii) With the growth of agriculture, the idea of private possession of land came into existence.
(iv) New crafts and arts developed leading to production of commodities for sale

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

(i) In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep and horse.

The sky gods like Prithvi (Earth), Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varona (rain), Indra (Thunder).

When Aryans permanently settled in Sindh and the Punjab regions they began to practise agriculture.