Shruti - 'Shrutis' means listening (or unwritten) ones that was transmitted orally through generations.
Gramani - Gramani was the head of a village called Grama
Rashtras - Rasthras were tribal Kingdoms during Rig vedic period. (Bharatas. Matsyas, Puras)
Iron Age - Towards the end of Iron age, people stepped into what is known as Megalithic culture.
Semi nomadic - Semi nomadic people lived usually in portable or temporary dwellings.
Border - Under border system people exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in turn.

Kodumanal Erode District
(i) It is identified with the Kodumanarn of Pathitrupathu.
(ii) More than 300 pottery inscriptions in Tarnil-Brahmi have been discovered there.
(iii) Archaeologists have also discovered spindles, whorls (used for making thread from cotton) and pieces of cloth, along with tools, weapons, ornaments, beads, particularly carnelian.
(iv) A Menhir found at burial site is assigned tothe Megalithic period.

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

(i) Barter system was prevalent (exchange of goods).
(ii) They used Nishka, Satmana (gold coins) and Krishnala (silver coins) for business transactions.

(i) In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep and horse.

The sky gods like Prithvi (Earth), Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varona (rain), Indra (Thunder).

When Aryans permanently settled in Sindh and the Punjab regions they began to practise agriculture.