(i) Important people (priests, rulers) took ritual baths in this tank.
(ii) The tank was lined with kiln burnt bricks, plaster of gypsum and bitumen was used to make the tank water-resistant.
(iii) Water was probably brought in from a well and drained out after use.

(i) We know from the remains of plants that the Harappans grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas rice, sesame, linseed and mustard.
(ii) A new tool, the plough, was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds.
(iii)As this region did not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. It means that water was stored and supplied to the fields when the plants were growing.

(i) A specialist is a person who is trained to do only one specialized kind of work, for example, cutting stone or polishing beads, or carving seals.
(ii) Not everybody can be a specialist. We do not know whether only men were specialists or only women were specialists in the Harappan civilization.

(i) Most of the things that have been found by archaeologists are made of stone, shell and metal, including copper, bronze, gold and silver.
(ii) Copper and bronze were used to make tools weapons, ornaments and vessels.
(iii) Gold and silver were used to make ornaments and vessels.

(i) Many of the Harappan cities had covered drains which were laid out in straight lines.
(ii) Each drain had a gentle slope, so that water could flow through it.
(iii)Very often, drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones.

(i) Generally, houses were either one or two storey high with rooms built around a courtyard.
(ii) Most houses had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water.

(i) In Mohenjodaro, a very special tank which archaeologists call the Great Bath, was built in the Citadel area.
(ii) It was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made water-tight with a layer of natural tar.
(iii)There were steps leading down to it from two sides, while there were rooms on all sides.Perhaps. the important people took a dip in this tank on special occasions.

(i) Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts.
(ii) Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher. Archaeologists describe it as the Citadel.
(iii) Generally, the part to the East was larger but lower. It is called the lower town.

(i) Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago, when railway lines were being laid down for the first time in Punjab, engineers stumbled upon the site of Harappa in present-day Pakistan.
(ii) To them, it seemed like a mound that was a rich source of readymade, high-quality bricks.
(iii) Then about eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site and realised that it was one of the oldest cities in the sub-continent.

Substances that are either found naturally or produced by farmers. and herders and then processed to make finished goods are known as raw materials.

The Harappan city was a very busy place. There were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city, People may have kept the most valuable objects, such. as ornaments of gold and silver. People also travelled to distant lands.

These cities were divided into two or more parts. The part to the west was smaller but higher. Walls of baked bricks were built around each part. The bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern.

Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods that were sent from one place to another.
After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied on the knot and the seal was pressed on it. The impression of the seal is known as a sealing.

Archaeologists know that people in the Harappan civilisation used cloth because they have found pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience, which were used to spin thread. Moreover, a stone statue of a man wearing an embroidered garment was found in Mohenjodaro.

Yes, a special kind of stone known as chert was used as weights.

(i) Around 3900 years ago, we find the beginning of a major change. People stopped living in many of the cities.
(ii) Writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
(iii) Raw materials brought from distant places became rare.
(iv) In Mohenjodaro, we find that garbage was piled up on the streets, the drainage system broke down, and new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets.

Dholavira:
(i) The city of Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch, where there was fresh water and fertile soil.
(ii) Dholavira was divided into three parts and each part was surrounded with massive stone walls with entrances through gateways.
(iii) There was also a large open area in the settlement where public ceremonies could be held.
(iv) Other findings include large letters of the Harappan script that were carved out on white stone and perhaps laid in wood. This is a unique discovery, as generally, Harappan writing has been found on small objects such as seals.
Lothal:
(i) The city of Lothal stood besides a tributary of the Sabarmati in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat.
(ii) It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones were easily available.
(iii) It was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal.
(iv) There was also a store house in the city.
(v) Many seals and sealing (the impression of seals on clay) were found in a storehouse.
(vi) Abuilding that was found here was probably a workshop for making beads as pieces of stone, half-made beads, tools for bead rr-aking, and finished beads have also been found here.

(i) The Harappan cities developed about 4700 years ago. Many of these cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually, the part to the West was smaller but higher. Archaeologists describe it as the citadel. Generally, the part to the East was larger but lower and it is called the lower town,
(ii) In some cities, special buildings were constructed on the citadel. For example, in Mohenjodoro, a very special tank, which archeologists call the Great Bath, was built It was lined with bricks and coated with plaster, Perhaps, important people took a dip in this tank on special occasions,
(iii) Other cities, such as Kaibangan and Lothal had fire altars where sacrifices may have been performed. And some cities like Mohenjadaro, Harappa and Lothal had elaborate storehouses. These cities were found in Punjab and Sindh in Pakistan and in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab in India.
(iv) There were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. They were probably the rulers.
(v) It is likely that the rulers sent people to distant lands to get metals, precious stones and other things that they wanted. They may have kept the most valuable objects, such as ornaments of gold and silver or beautiful beads for themselves.