Hints for students
(i) Name and location of your state or Union Territory, write the name of your region.
(ii) Look carefully in the map, is any janapada site in your state/UTs.
(iii) If yes, name that janapadas.
(iv] If not, look all directions of your state (East, West, North, South).
(v) See the map

Many people did not accept the system of Varna laid down by the Brahmins.
(i) Some kings thought they were superior to the priests.
(ii) Others felt that birth could not be a basis for deciding which varna people belonged to
(iii) Some people felt that there should be no differences amongst people based on occupation.
(iv) Others felt that everybody should be able to perform rituals.
(v) Some condemned the practice of untouchability.
(vi) Also, there were many areas in the subcontinent, such as the northeast, where social and economic differences were not very sharp, and where the influence of the priests was limited.

(i) Slave men and women, (dasas and dasis), and
(ii) Landless agricultural labourers (kammakaras) were involved is transplanting activity.

(i) Building huge forts.
(ii) Maintaining big armies

Soldiers were paid regular salaries and maintained by the king throughout the year. Some payments were probably made using punch marked coins

The characteristics of the earthen pots are:
(i) In janapadas, people made earthen pots, some of these were grey in colour and others were red.
(ii) One special type of pottery found at these sites is known as Painted Grey Ware, and such pots had painted designs, usually simple lines and geometric patterns.

(i) The priests divided people in four groups or varnas, i.e. Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. 
(ii) They said that the groups in the society were decided on the basis of birth. For example if one's father and mother were brahmins, one would automatically become a brahmin and so on. Later, they classified some people as untouchable. 
(iii) These included some crafts persons, hunters and gatherers, as well as people who helped perform burials and cremations. The priests said that contact with these groups was polluting.