Bachchu Manjhi cannot live with his family because he lives in a rented room with his friends.

Following suggestions have been made:
(a) Hawking zones have been suggested for towns and cities.
(b) Mobile vendors should be allowed to more around freely.
(c) Hawkers need to be part of committees that are set up to take these and other decisions relating to them.

This is a story of a city where a factory was established. There were garments work being done. My cousin knew a being employee whose name was Nirmala. Nirmala's neighbours did zari work and embroidery.
So, we (I and my cousin) caught a bus and headed towards the factory area where. Nirmala promised to get zari work done on my dress.

On the opposite pavement, we saw a person selling newspapers with a small crowd of people around him. Everyone wanted to read the news.
Buses whizzed past and there were auto-rickshaws filled with school children. Nearby, under a tree, a cobbler sat taking his tools and materials out of a small tin box Next to him the roadside barber had begun his work: he already had a customer who wanted an early - morning shave.

Harpreet and Vandana planned to buy the building in the market in which their showroom was located. Ever since the market has become the main market for people living in the surrounding apartments, their business has grown. They have been able to buy a car and book a flat in an apartment complex nearby.

The daily wage labourers work as helpers to masons. They dig at construction sites, lift loads or unload trucks in the market, dig pipelines and telephone cables and also build roads.

Sudha's office was in an area surrounded by tall buildings. There were hundreds of people coming out. Some headed for the car park while others went towards the row of buses.

The problems faced by non-permanent workers are as follow:
(i) If workers complain about their pay or working conditions, they are asked to leave.
(ii) There is no job security or protection if there is ill treatment.
(iii) They are also expected to work very long hours.

Nirmala have to work very long hours in the months from December to April. A normal working day begins at 9 am and finishes only by 10 pm, sometimes even later.
She works for six days a week. At time when the work needs to be done urgently, she works on Sundays too.

A part of the salary is kept in a fund with the government. These savings give interest on funds. After retirement, everyone who does work in a government or other companies / factories get this money and can then live on that.

The regular and permanent workers attend the office or factory regularly. Their work is clearly identified. They get a regular salary. Unlike casual workers they will not be asked to leave if the factory does not have much work.

Permanent and Regular Job These jobs are secure. People with these jobs have stable future. They have fixed working hours and fixed salaries. They are also provided facilities like medical facilities, all national holidays, annual leaves and provident fund.
Casual Job These jobs are on temporary basis. The people are employed on daily wages. They are provided Rs 70 to 100 per day. Their work is very hard. Casual jobs are provided by private factories when their product's demand is on full swing. The future is not secured in these kinds of jobs.

Workers like Nirmala have to work very long hours in the months from December to April. A normal working day begins at 9 am and finishes only by 10 pm, sometimes even later. She works for six days a week. At times when the work needs to be done urgently, she works on Sundays too. Nirmala is paid Rs 80 per day for eight hours and Rs 40 extra for working late. By June the work is over and the factory reduces its staff. Nirmala will also be asked to leave. For about three or four months in the year, there is no work for her.

The following points show the differences between those who sell on the street and those in the market:

By talking to a businessman, our opinion is:
(i) He took the showroom on rent.
(ii) Now, he wants to purchase it.
(iii) Earlier he has purchased a house in nearby apartments.
(iv) He has already purchased a car.
The showroom's running is based on the following activities:
(i) He buys different things from different places.
(ii) He advertises his products in the newspapers, radios and TV channels.
(iii) During the last 20 years, things have changed. Earlier he sold clothes.
(iv) Now, he sells readymade garments as the trend is for readymade garments.
People like to wear readymade clothes because:
(i) They are cheaper.
(ii) They fit the body of customer more than the stitched clothes.
(iii) Time is also saved.

Harpreet and Vandana started the showroom after completing their college education.
They have to do the following things to run the showroom:
(ii) They have to purchase garments from different cities and states.
(iii) They have to put them is showcases.
(iv) They have to give advertisements in different newspapers, radios channels, TV channels etc.

The vegetable vendors or hawkers organise their work in following manner:
(i) They purchase vegetables or groceries from the wholesale market.
(ii) They arrange them on the pulling rickshaws and cycle.
(iii) They sell their goods by calling out prospective buyers.

Some parts of the city have high rise buildings. Some parts of the city are crowded and congested as they are occupied by pavement shops and vendors. The smoke of industry also pollutes the atmosphere.

Basically, the people in the rural areas work in the fields or they go to catch fish etc. While in the cities there are vendors, hawkers, shopkeepers etc. The life in city is very busy. Everyone is busy in their work.

Challenges faced by rural women:
(i) Poor resource base and resource quality (small or no agricultural land and water).
(ii) Illiteracy and lack of skill.
(iii) Lack of awareness on different government schemes and programmes.
(iv) Lack of knowledge of disasters.
Challenges faced by urban women:
(i) Lack of employment and irregular jobs.
(ii) Lack of job security and low wages.
(iii)Lack of sufficient and timely credit support system for petty trades.
(iv) Fear of eviction by police and civic bodies.
(v) Congested and hazardous working conditions

Un-organised sector is characterised by low wages, long hours of work and lack of job security.  people prefer to work in an organised sectors because of the following reasons:
(i) Workers enjoy security of employment.
(ii) There are fixed number of working hours. If workers work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.
(iii)Employees of the organised sectors are entitled to medical leaves, payment during holidays, provident fund, etc.
(iv) Workers also get medical benefits and under the laws, factory manager has to ensure the provision of facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

The local bodies that look after the problems of the urban areas are:
(i) Municipal Corporations,
(ii) Municipalities, and
(ii)Town Area Committees.
(i) Municipal Corporations: These are the local governing bodies of big cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. The main functions of the Municipal Corporations are providing public health and sanitation, making arrangement for vaccination, supply of safe drinking water, clearing and disposal of garbage, cleaning roads, drains and public toilets.
(ii) Municipalities: Smaller towns and cities with population ranging between 20,000-5,00,000have Municipalities as the local government body.
(iii)Town Area Committees: Municipalities and Municipal Corporations carry their day-to-day work with the help of a number of committees such as the Education Committee, the Public Health Committee and the District Planning Committee.

Small workshops and factories need casual workers for big profits and less investment. Casual workers are called for when the employer needs them. They are employed when the employer gets large orders or during certain seasons. If they complain about their payor working conditions, they are asked to leave any time. They are also expected to work for very long hours. If there is the need to finish same work urgently then these workers are called for work even on Sundays. All these factors are in favour of small workshops and factories. Therefore, they employ casual workers

(i) Call centres are generally set-up as large rooms with work stations that include a computer, a telephone set and supervisor's stations. India has become a major centre not only for Indian companies but also foreign companies. They set-up call centres here as they can get people who can speak English and will work for lower wages.
(ii) We find labour at labour chowk where many people were sitting on railings or in groups at the crossing These labourers are daily wage labourers.

It is a busy street in a city with hawkers and vendors. Various types of vehicles like cycles, buses, cars are plying on the roads.
Some of the people are trying to board the bus.
Many other people are buying goods from various shops. Some children are going to school. Also some people are taking their meals at dhaba.

Challenges faced by rural women are:
(i) Poor resource base and resource quality (small or no agricultural land and water).
(ii) Illiteracy and lack of skill.
(iii) Lack of awareness about different government schemes and programmes.
(iv) Lack of knowledge of disasters.
Challenges faced by urban women are:
(i) Lack of employment and irregular jobs.
(ii) Lack of job security and low wages.
(iii) Lack of sufficient and timely credit support system for petty trade.
(iv) Fear of eviction by police and civic bodies.
(v) Congested and hazardous working conditions.

The hawkers face many things per day.
These are following:
(i) They work on their own, they are not employed by anyone. They sell their products from one place to another.
(ii) Their shops are usually temporary structures like some boards or papers spread over discarded boxes or may be a canvas sheet hung up on a few poles.
(iii) They may also use their own carts or simply a plastic sheet spread on the pavement.
(iv) They can be asked to dismantle their shops at any time by the police. 
(v) There are certain parts of the city where these hawkers are not allowed to enter.