(i) The longitudinal extent of India is from 68°7' E to 97°25' E.
(ii) As many as twenty nine lines of longitude pass through India.
(iii) Having 29 standard time is not logical. Hence 821/2^о Eline of longitude is observed as the Prime Meridian to calculate the Indian Standard Time (IST).

(i) The Western Chalukya empire ruled most of the western deccan, South India, between the 10^th and 12^th Centuries.
(ii) They were the descendants of Badami chalukyas ruled from kalyani (modern day Basavakalyan)
(iii) In 1973, Tariapa - II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Bijapur region defeated Parmara of Malwa.
(iv) Tailapa - II occupied Kalyani his fimasty quickly grew into an empire under Someswara - I.
(v) Someswara - I moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani.
(vi) For over a century, the western chalukyas and the chola dynasty of Thanjavur, fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of vengi.
(vii) During the rule of Vikramaditya VI in the late 1le century vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukyas control.
(viii) The Kasi Visweshvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi represeni well known examples of the architecture of western Chaitrkyas of Kalyani.

(i) As per the report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MRTH) as many us 1.47 lakhs people died on Indian Roads in 4.64 lakh accidents.
(ii) Fatal road accidents victims largely constitute young people in the productive age groups. Young adults in the age group of 18-45 years accounted for 72.1% of victims.
(iii) People in working age group of 18-60 years accounted for a share of 87.2% in the total road accident fatalities.

(i) Invention of zero and the consequent evolution of the decimal system were the legacy of Guptas to the modem world.
(ii) Aryabhatta, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta were. foremost astronomers and mathematicians of the time.
(iii) Aryabhatta, in his book Surya Siddhanta, explained the true causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
(iv) He was the first Indian astronomer to declare that the earth revolves around its own axis.
(v) Dhanvantriwas a famous scholar in the field of medicine. He was a specialist in Ayurveda. Charaka was a medical scientist. Susruta was the first Indian to explain the process of surgery.

(i) The Guptas were the first to construct temples, which evolved from the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines.
(ii) Adorned with towers and elobrate carvings, these temples were dedicated to all Hindu deities.
(iii) The most notable rock-cut caves are found at Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra), Bagh (Madhya Pradesh) and Udaygiri (Odisha).
(iv) The structural temples built during this period resemble the characteristic features of the Dravidian style.

The religious policy of Kanishka:
(i) Kanishka was an ardent Buddhist.
(ii) Kanishka's empire was a Buddhist empire
(iii) Kanishka adopted Buddhism under the influence of Asvaghosha, a celebrated monk from Pataliputra
(iv) Though a great warrior and an empire builder, Kanishka was as equal as the exponent and champion of Mahayanism
(v) Kanishka made Buddhism as the state religion and built many stupas and monasterie in Mathura, Taxila and many other Parts of his kingdom
(vi) He sent Buddhist missionaries to Tibet, China and many countries of central Asia for the propagation of buddha's gospel
(vii) He organised the fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalavana near Srinagar.

1. GautamiputraSatakarni was the greatest ruler of the family.
2. In the Nasik prashasti, published by his mother Gautami Balasri, Gautamiputra Satakami is described as the destroyer of Sakas, Yavanas (Greeks) and Pahlavas (Parthians).
3. Their domain included Maharashtra, North Konkan, Berar, Gujarat, Kathiawar and Malwa.
4. His ship coins are suggestive of Andhras skill in seafaring and their naval power.

1. There was no restriction for women in social life.
2. There were learned and wise women.
3. Forty women poets had lived and left behind their valuable works.
4. Marriage was a matter of self-choice.
5. However, chastity (karpu) was considered the highest virtue of women.
6. Sons and daughters had equal shares in their parents property.

The important mountain ranges are the Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Caucasus and the Carpathian.

(i) Asia is the biggest continent.
(ii) It has different types of land features such as mountain, plateau, plain, valley, bay, island etc.
(iii) It also has different climatic conditions from the equator to polar region.
(iv) Many races, languages, religions and cultures are followed by people who live in Asia.
(v) So, Asia is called 'the land of contrasts'.

(i) Northern hemisphere
(ii) Southern hemisphere
(iii) Eastern hemisphere 
(iv) Western hemisphere

The Sun is overhead on a line of longitude only once in a day.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society involving human and material loss.

(i) It is the only permanent unit in the panchayat Raj system
(ii) The Grama Sabha is the grass root level democratic institution in a Village Panchayat.
(iii) Grama Sabha meetings are conducted four times in a year. Officers like District collector, the block development officer, teachers, etc. also participate in this meeting.
(iv) The people can freely express their needs and grievances.

(i) Panchayat President
(ii) Ward members
(iii) Councillor
(iv) District Panchayat Ward Councillor

The urban local bodies are categorized into City Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Town Panchayats.

(i) When the people express their will on public affairs, through their elected representatives, the type of government is called representative democracy.
(ii) Ex: India, USA.