(a) Vitamins and minerals
(b) Tea, coffee, fruits, vegetables etc.
(c) Vegetables contain vitamins and minerals
which get washed away if vegetables are washed after cutting them.
Food should not be overcooked to prevent the loss of nutrients from it.

Solar Eclipse: When the sun, the earth and the moon come in a straight line with the moon in between the earth and the sun, then the shadow of the moon falls on the earth. This results in solar eclipse. Solar eclipse occurs on a new moon day.

Lunar Eclipse: When the sun, the earth and the moon come in a straight line with the earth in between the moon and the sun, then the shadow of the earth falls on the moon. This results in Lunar eclipse. Lunar eclipse takes place on a full moon day. The shadow consists of two parts. One part is completely dark part of the shadow, where light does not reach from the source of light and this part is known as umbra. Other part is not completely dark, where some light reaches from the source of light and this part is known as penumbra. Penumbra surrounds the umbra.

Water is used:
(i) for drinking and cooking
(ii) for bathing and cleaning.
(iii) in agriculture, to produce food.
(iv) in Industries, to perform different activities

Draw a curved line CD. Take a thread and make a knot at one of its ends. Keep the knot made in the thread on point C of the line. Place a small portion of the thread along the line, keeping it tight using your fingers and thumb. Keep on stretching the thread on the curved line till you take the thread to the point D of the line. Make a mark on the thread where it touches the other end of the line at point D. Now, stretch the thread along a metre scale and the length between the knot in the beginning and mark on the thread is measured through scale. This measured length on scale will give you the length of the curved line CD.

As given in figures, the North pole will be far apart when we bring more near to the compass needle and it will be closer to it when we bring the South pole towards it.

The manure produced from vermicomposting is of high quality Vermicompost is better because
(i) it is cheap and easy to produce while chemical fertilisers are very expensive.
(ii) vermicompost is a natural manure which does not harm the soil or the plants they are added to while chemical fertilisers have adverse effect on both.

The presence of small amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere is essential for the growth and existence of living beings. The desirable proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 0.03%. The importance of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is as follows
(i) It causes greenhouse effect, leading to the heating of the earth and its atmosphere which is essential for our survival.
(ii) It takes part in the photosynthesis process carried out by green plants to prepare food for plants and animals.

A moving car though moves is not considered as a living organism because of the following reasons:
(i) Living organisms have the ability to move on their own, whereas a car moves by the burning of fuels like diesel and petrol.
(ii) Like all living organisms, a car does not show any other living characteristics like respiration, digestion, reproduction or growth.

The skeleton of a bird is well-suited for flying because
(i) bones are hollow and light in weight
(ii) bones of hindlimbs are used for walking and perching.
(iii) bones of forelimbs are modified as wings.
(iv) shoulder bones are strong, thus helpful in flying.
(v) breast bones hold flight muscles and are used to move the wings up and down for flying.

(a) No, the anklets were made of pure silver.
(b) Silver anklets lost their lustre and appear dull, because of the action of air and moisture on them.
(c) Kavita's mother is knowledgeable and intelligent.

(a) Made a dough this change cannot be reversed
(b) Rolled the dough to make a chapati. This change can be reversed.
(c) Baked the chapati on a pan, this change cannot be reversed.
(d) Dried the chapati and ground it in a grinder to make powder, this change cannot be reversed.

(a) Sarita can follow the following steps:
(i) Collect plant twig with flowers.
(ii) Press the8m in papers/magazines.
(iii) Change the paper/magazine every day for 5-6 days.
(iv) When plants are well pressed and dried place them on white plane paper sheet.
(v) Stick the plants to sheet with cello tape.
(vi) Try to identify the plant.
(vii) Take help of teachers/seniors for plant identification.
(b) Yes, plants can also be identified on the basis of the nature of their stem and size.
(c) Inquisitive, scientific attitude and love for nature.

Cotton is the most important of all plant fibres, used to make clothes.Cotton shirt can be prepared by following steps:
Cotton bolls \(\underset { \xrightarrow{}}{ Ginning } \) Cotton fibre \(\underset { \xrightarrow{}}{ Spinning } \) Cotton yarn \(\underset { \xrightarrow{}}{ Weaving} \) Cotton fabric \(\underset { \xrightarrow{}}{ sewing} \) Cotton shirt
The making of cotton shirt is a long process. From cotton bolls, cotton is usually picked by hand. Fibres are then separated from the seeds by combing. This process is called ginning.
In spinning process, the fibres from a mass of cotton wool are drawn out and twisted. This brings the fibres together to form a yarn.
Weaving is binding of two sets of yarns at right angles to make a fabric. Weaving is done on looms. Now, on sewing this cotton fabric by needle, we get the cotton shirt.

Paheli can make this water fit for drinking by work on following sequence:
Filtration using muslin cloth (cotton fabric).
                         \(\downarrow\)
Swirl with alum and leave water undisturbed for some time.
                          \(\downarrow\)
The clear liquid above the impurities is poured in another container(decantation).
                           \(\downarrow\)
Boil for 10 min in covered pan with lid.
                           \(\downarrow\)
Cool, filter and now, it is fit for drinking.

(a) The insect is 'honeybee'. Its place is 'beehive'.
(b) This insect feeds on pollens and nectar of flowers.
(c) Honeybee visits the flowers and it brings about pollination while collecting its food, thus helps the farmers, setting is facilitated.
(d) We collect honey from beehive.
(e) Honey is rich in sugars, enzymes and minerals. We use it as a food.

(a) The components of food that provide nutrients are given below:
(i) Carbohydrates
(ii) Fats
(iii) Proteins
(iv) Vitamins
(v) Minerals
(b) The two components of food that do not provide nutrients are:
(i)Water
(ii)Roughage.

The two examples of a periodic motion are motion of a pendulum and motion of a child on a swing.

The tiny white structures have grown out of the seeds wrapped in a piece of wet cloth. The seeds are said to be sprouted and the process is known as sprouting. The sprouts contain nutrients which make seeds healthy snacks.

Heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage.

The soil is generally a non-magnetic material. But, some iron filings are available in the soil which can stick to magnet.

Polybags, broken glass, aluminium wrappers, old shoes, etc cannot be used for vermicomposting.

The desert plants have reduced leaves and thick fleshy stem.

A fused bulb does not glow because in a fused bulb, the filament of bulb burns up and connection is broken or incomplete, so the current cannot flow.

To prevent inhalation of smoke given out by automobiles, policemen use masks.

A screen like cardboard, wall and ground is required to see the shadow.

The ocean water contains high concentration of different salts rendering the water salty making it unfit for use.

Polythene and glass container are the transparent objects through which things can be seen clearly.

No, melting of wax is a reversible change because solid wax melts on heating and melting wax becomes solid on cooling

In ancient Egypt, cotton as well as flax were cultivated near the river Nile and were used for making fabrics.

Yes, in cactus the stem is green and performs photosynthesis, to prepare food for plants.

The solubility of solids in liquids increases with increase in temperature.

Hardness is the property of materials that can be found out by pressing the materials. A material may be soft or hard.
Soft materials : The materials which can be compressed easily are known as soft materials.e.g.,-cotton, sponge, etc.
Hard materials: The materials that are difficult to compress are known as hard materials. e.g., - iron, wood, etc.

Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and reusing of the usable waste materials. Proper disposal of garbage should be a concern of every citizen and not just of the government. Each and every individual must reduce activities that pollute the environment. A lot of waste is generated from homes, offices, schools, hospitals, etc. It includes food waste, paper, plastic, glass, metal, etc. Therefore, it is required that every individual must reduce the production of wastes and must help in the proper disposal of wastes.

(a) Carbohydrates are the compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are formed in plants during photosynthesis, e.g., glucose.
(b) Carbohydrates found in our food are in the form of starch and sugar.

When a mixture is allowed to stand for some time, the heavier components in the mixture settle at the bottom and the process is called sedimentation. For example, when mixture of sand and water is allowed to stand for some time, the particles of sand settle down at the bottom of vessel. The settling down of sand particles is called sedimentation.

(a) The functions of food are as follows:
     (i) It helps in the growth and development of a living organism.
     (ii) It provides energy to do physical work.
     (iii) It helps to perform body functions.
(b) Love, caring.

As, we know that like poles of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
Thus, the complete table is shown as below:

A rechargeable battery has such chemicals which on after use can be restored by passing suitable current in the opposite direction to the rechargeable batteries, so it can be used again and again.

(a) Yes, X is dear and Y is lion
(b) The eyes on the sides of the head enables the deer to see in all directions at the same time.
(c) The eyes in front of its head enables the lion to have correct idea of the location of its prey like deer.

Air is a mixture of gases, water vapour and dust particles. Largely, it consists of
(i) Nitrogen (78%)
(ii) Oxygen (21%)
(iii) Carbon dioxide (0.03%)
(iv) Other gases like helium, hydrogen, etc (0.17%)
(v) Water vapour and dust particles.

(a) The colour of the shadow of an object does not depend on its colour.
(b) Transparent Objects allow light to pass through them mostly.

The streamlined shape of fish helps it to move in water. Skeleton and muscles present in front side of fish move it on one side while tail muscles move the body the other side. This makes a jerk and pushes the body forward. In this way, it moves in water.

When we breathe out, the hot air comes out from our mouth which get condensed and changed into tiny water droplets and glasses become wet.

Given, height of a person = 1.65 m
We know that
1 metre (m)= 100 centimetre (cm)
1 metre (m) = 1000 millimetre (mm)
(a) The height of a person in cm = 1.65x 100 cm = 165 cm
(b) The height of a person in mm = 1.65x 1000 mm = 1650 mm

Nylon, wool, cotton, silk, polyester, jute
Natural fibres  Wool, cotton, silk, jute.
Synthetic fibres  Nylon, polyester.

If a plant has leaves with reticulate venation, then the plant is likely to have tap root system.