Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and reusing of the usable waste materials. Proper disposal of garbage should be a concern of every citizen and not just of the government. Each and every individual must reduce activities that pollute the environment. A lot of waste is generated from homes, offices, schools, hospitals, etc. It includes food waste, paper, plastic, glass, metal, etc. Therefore, it is required that every individual must reduce the production of wastes and must help in the proper disposal of wastes.

(i) To reduce the wastes in that area.
(ii) Smoke and dust particles.
(iii) Composting is a method used to reduce wastes like leaves, as it is eco-friendly process
(iv) Recycling of waste papers.

Waste recycling has some significant advantages. It:
(i) leads to less utilization of raw materials.
(ii) reduces environment impacts arising from waste treatment and disposal.
(iii) makes the surroundings cleaner and healthier.
(iv) saves our landfill space.
(v) saves money.
(vi) reduces the amount of energy required to manufacture new products.

(a) Compost is a substance converted into manure for use in agricultural fields.
(b) Landfill is the place where garbage is buried under soil in an area.
(c) Recycling is a process of using used material in the same or another form.

The two ways to minimise the harmful effects of plastics are
(i) Reuse of plastic bags and containers will minimise the number Of plastic bags.
(ii) Avoid burning of plastics as they release harmful gases in the atmosphere.
Correct the definitions of certain terms given below by changing only one word.
(a) Compost Substances converted into manure for use in industries. 
(b) Landfill Garbage buried under water in an area.
(c) Recycling Reuse of unused material in the same or another form.

We should not burn plastic items because
(i) they do not bum easily.
(ii) they produce toxic gases when burned and left ire over ashes are also toxic.
(iii) they add to soil pollution.
(iv) burnt pieces may be eaten by cows which may choke them to death.
(v) toxic gases lead to many respiratory diseases.

(a) Fumes and gases produced from burning materials caused cough and breathing problems in the nearby area.
(b) An environment friendly way to dispose the dry leaves is to convert them into manure.

(a) Rotting smelly garbage can be converted into compost
(b) Dry leaves collected in a garbage can be used as manure.
(c) Old newspapers can be recycled to make paper bags or paper pulp for handicrafts.

No, in my opinion, Paheli's action was not responsible.
If I would have been in her place, I would have used the paper for doing rough work or convert it into paper pulp to make a handicraft item.

(a) In most of the cities, the responsibility of garbage disposal is on municipal corporation and most of the people think they have no responsibility. We should realise that garbage disposal is collective responsibility of both the people and the government.
We must ensure ways to reduce production of garbage.
(b) Yes, it is possible to reduce the problems related to disposal of garbage by following 3R's rule:
(i) Reduce We should minimise the use of things that produce wastes, e.g. by using public transport for travelling.
(ii) Recycle Things such as plastic, paper, glass and metals should be separated from garbage and recycled to make new articles instead of dumping them with other wastes, e.g. recycling of paper.
(iii) Reuse We can reuse many things which we generally throw after one use, e.g. plastic bottle of jam or pickle can be used for storing things in the kitchen. If we sincerely follow these rules, the problem of garbage disposal can be minimised.

We should not throwaway any thing that can be recycled because recycling things can reduce the amount of garbage.

Animal products should not be used in vermicomposting because if we put animal products and pickles, oil,vinegar etc., they enhance the growth of disease causing bacteria which may cause the red worms to die.

The method of preparing compost with the help of red worms is called vermi-composting.

The usage of plastic bags must be reduced as packaging of cooked food items in plastic bags might affect our health. Also, plastic bags are nonrecyclable and burning of plastic bags may release harmful gases that can cause many diseases.

No, the containers used for storing harmful substances should not be used to make plastic bags because plastic bags are used to carry grocery items which may be contaminated.

Addition of above mentioned substances cause the growth of disease-causing organisms and these may harm the worms as well. So, in this way, these substances hinder the preparation of vermicompost

The plastic wastes on burning produce dangerous toxic gases, so these should not be burnt.

It is a thick paste made up of clay, paper pieces and some rice husk.

Lead batteries and rubber are difficult to dispose.

The waste materials at homes are stored in dustbins and polythene bags.

The drawbacks of plastics are as follows
(i) The major drawback of plastic is its non-degradability.
(ii) Consuming food packed in plastic bags could be harmful to our health.
(iii) All kinds of plastics give out harmful gases, on burning. These gases may cause many health problems, such as cancer, in humans.
(iv) Some animals such as cows swallow plastic bags filled with garbage, and they can die due to this.
(v) The plastics also block the sewerage system and the drains as a result of which the water spills over the roads during rains.

Converting plant and animal waste into manure is called composting.
Yes,it is better to use compost instead of chemical fertilizers due to the following reasons.
(i) Compost provides better and natural nutrients to the growing plants.
(ii) It is better absorbed by the roots.
(iii) It is cheaper than the chemical fertilizers.
(iv) Chemical fertilizers do not get decomposed easily by natural methods thus increase. soil and water pollution.

(a) Papers are biodegradable wastes.
(b) Rahul used recycling of paper by making papier mache.
(i) use the materials again. (ii) reduce wastage,
(d) No, shiny paper contains plastic. hence they cannot be recycled.
(e) Rahul is thoughtful. creative and eager to use his knowledge.

(a) If cooking medium is made to flow down a drain, it may clog pores in soil and can block pipes also.
(b) If insecticides, motor oil, paints are poured down the drain, this may kill useful microbes which help to purify water.
(c) If tea leaves, cotton swabs and old soft toys are thrown into the drain, it can choke the drains and block the water supply of the area.

By following these simple steps, we can make hard gifting boxes or other articles from the recycled paper pulp:
Step I Create a stencil by unfolding a small, one piece cardboard box and trace it on a piece of cardboard that is the same size as your mold. Then, cut out that shape with scissors.
Step II Place the box stencil between your mold and deckle.
Step III Raise the mold, deckle and stencil to the surface in one continuous motion and then remove them from the pulp.
Step IV Remove the box from the stencil and let the paper dry.
Step V Assemble the box by folding and gluing or taping the edges. Decorate it as your need.