People are also referred to as resources

Primary resources transforming of raw materials into finished goods is called Secondary Activities.

According to the ever changing needs, resources keep changing.

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

(i) Barter system was prevalent (exchange of goods).
(ii) They used Nishka, Satmana (gold coins) and Krishnala (silver coins) for business transactions.

(i) In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep and horse.

(i) Anything that fulfills human needs can be called a resource.
(ii) Resources can be natural, man-made and human resources.

Resources once consumed can be renewed with the passage of time are called renewable resources. (e.g) Air, Water, Sunlight.

Antarctica.

(i) Discrimination can be defined as negative actions towards people.
(ii) Discrimination can happen the basis of colour, class, religion and gender.

Prejudice means to judge other people in a negative or inferior manner, without knowing much about them. It happens when people have false belief and ideas.

1. Pacific Ocean
2. Atlantic Ocean

(i) A continent is a very large area of land with various physical features such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and seas and various types of weather patterns
(ii) India has all of them.
(iii) So, India is known as a sub-continent.

People speak different languages, eat different kinds of food, celebrate their own festivals and different cultures, worship in different ways, yet we live together. This is known as diversity.

Scholars like Dharmabalar, Jothibalar, Sumathi and Bodhi Dharamar where born in Kanchi.

1. Harappa
2. Mohenjo - Daro

Indus Civilisation is called urban civilisation because
(i) There was well-conceived town planning.
(ii) Astonishing masonry and architecture were found.
(iii) Priority was given for hygiene and public health.
(iv) They used Standardised weights and measures.
(v) They had solid agricultural and artisanal base.

Indus, civilisation is called Bronze Age civilisation because it is a historical period characterised by the use of articles made of bronze.

The axes were made to cut trees, remove barks, dig pits, hunt animals and remove the skin of animals.

(i) Potteries
(ii) Toys
(iii) Tools
(iv) Ornaments

(i) Tamil Nadu - Athirampakkam, Adichanallur, Paiyampalli
(ii) Karnataka - Hunasagi Valley
(iii) Mathya Pradesh - Bimbetka
(iv) Andra Pradesh - Brahmagiri

a. Bay of Bangal
b. North America and South America
c. Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America.
d. Palk Strait.
e. Indian Ocean to the west, the South Pacific Ocean to the East and the Southern
Ocean to the South.
f. Isthumusses -ANarrow piece ofland connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water. Isthumus of Panama - Central America.

ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION:
On the basis of distribution, resources can be classified into localized resources and universal resources.
(i) When resources are present in specific regions they are called localized resources.
(e.g.) Minerals.
(ii) Some resources are present everywhere Such resources are called universal resources.
(e.g.) Sunlight and air.
(ii) On National resources are resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area of a country.
(e.g.) Tropical forest regions of India.

If I were a King like Ashoka; I will implement some schemes.
Education:
To provide quality and equal free education to all from primary to higher studies.
Medical Aid:
To provide quality and free medical aid to all.
Health:
To provide basic needs like food, shelter, dress to all.
Economics:
To develop the economic status of our country giving importance to agricultural activities.
Employment:
To create employment opportunities for growing population from long term schemes.
Information technology:
Due to up coming technologies in the world I will implement new schemes to modernise the

The Causes for the Rise of Magadha
(i) Magadha was located onthe lower part of the Gangetic plain. The plain was fertile which ensured the rich agricultural yield. This provided regular and substantial income to the state.
(ii) The thick forests supplied timber for construction of buildings and elephants for army.
(iii) Abundance of natural resources especially iron enabled them to equip themselves with weapons made of iron.
(iv) Growing trade and commerce facilitated movement of people as well as settlement of people in centres of arts and crafts.
(v) The outcome was urbanization and emergence of Magadha as an empire.

(i) Not to kill any living things.
(ii) Not to steal in any situation;
(iii) No sexual miscontacts.
(iv) Right speech and thoughts.
(v) Right livelyhood.
(vi) No greed.
(vii) No Anger.
(viii) Good View.
(ix) Right efforts.
(x) Right knowledge.

Status of women in Rig Vedic Period:
(i) In Rig Vedic society, women relatively enjoyed some freedom.
(ii) The wife was respected as the mistress of the household.
(iii) She could perform rituals in her house.
(iv) Child marriage and sati were unknown.
(v) There was no bar on the remarriage of widows.
(vi) Nevertheless, the women were denied right.to inherit property from their parents.
(vii) They played no role in public affairs.
Later Vedic period:
(i) In the later Vedic period the role of women in society, as well as their status, even within the family, declined.
(ii) Women could no longer perform rituals in the family.
(iii) The rules of marriage became much more rigid.
(iv) Polygamy became common.
(v) Widow remarriage was not encouraged.
(vi) Education was denied to women.
(vii) lntercaste marriages were spurned.

(i) Mountains make up more than a quarter of the planet's land mass. These surfaces provide resources for nearly 700 million people through out the world.
(ii) Mountains provide energy resources, food and water to people all around the world.
(iii) But climate change could cause mountains to shrink.
(iv) Deforestation has also been a threat while natural disasters often damage many mountains.
(v) Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world. So like conservation of forests, conservation of mountains also equally important.

a) Uranus
b) Green
c) Due to the presence of methane

a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Uranus
d. Mars

(a) Lamp post
(i) Each house and street had a lamp post in Indus civilisation.
(ii) Now a days there is no electric lamp post in deep rural area.
(b) Burnt bricks
(i) The houses were built using baked bricks and mortar.
(ii) Present days we built varity of houses like concrete house, thatch house, etc....
(c) Underground drainage system
(i) Many of these cities in Indus has covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Now a days underground drainage system is functioning only major cities.
(d) Weights and measurement
(i) Indus people had developed a systern of standardised weights and measures.
(ii) Present day we used electronic weighing machine also.
(e) Dockyard
(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the manitime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Now a days there are so many seaports spread in all over India.

Some common social factors. that contributes to the rise of prejudice are
(i) Socialisation
(ii) Conforming behaviours
(iii) Economic benefits
(iv) Authorita, rian personality
(v) Ethno-cntrism
(vi) Group losure
(vii) Conflicts

(i) A place of learning is called school.
(ii) Several schools were established in great numbers for the first time in Kancheepuram.
(iii) Jains studied in Jainapalli, and Buddhists studied in Viharas.
(iv) The greatness of Kanchi as an educational centre can be understand from the fact that the chinese traveller Hieun Tsang who studied at Nalanda University visited Kanchi 'Kadigai' to pursue his further studies.
(v) Poet kalidasa says, "Kanchi is the best of the towns".
(vi) Tamil poet saint Thirunavukarasar praises kanchi as "Kalviyil Karai illatha Kanchi".

(i) Scholars like Dharmabalar, Jothibalar, Sumathi and Bodhi Dharmar were born in Kanchi.
Bodhi Dharmar:
(i) Bodhi Dharmar is considered the found father of zen Buddhism
(ii) He taught martial arts to the Chinese and also how to control the breath to strengthen the blood and immune system energize the brain.
(iii) He passed away around 534 C.E.
Dharmapala:
(i) He lived in patatitta vihara near Kanchi.
(ii) He wrote pali commentaries for some of the Tripitakas.
(iii) He taught at Nalanda University but died young at the age of 32.

(i) The invention of wheel by human is considered to be the foremost invention,
(ii) The invention of wheel made pot making easier.
(iii) The wheel helps to man one place to another place.
(iv) It is used to transportation in trading goods.
(v) In modern days the wheel is most significance in Transport facilities.
(vi) It also used in function of machine in several factories

(i) In ancient period, the people lived in caves.
(ii) Hunting was their main occupation.
(iii) Caves did not live in such a safe environment.
(iv) There might have been changes of wild animals entering caves.
(v) But they realised that dogs could help them prevent the entry of such dangerous animal by sniffing skill.
(vi) Hence they started domesticating dog for their protection and hunting activities.

(i) According to census of India 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
(ii) Four major Indian language families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino Tibetian. Tamil is the oldest Dravidian language.
(iii) Historically, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French came to India for trade and their occupation of India or some parts of it has left behind a certain impact upon the culture and language of the people.
(iv) Because the British ruled over the entire country for over three hundred years before independence in 1947, the English language gained prominence in India. In due course, English has emerged as an important language and a medium of instruction in schools and colleges.
(v) It is widely used in official communication and daily life.
Cultural Diversity :
(i) The term 'culture' refers to customs and practices of people, their language, their dress code, cuisine, religion, social habits, music, art, and architecture.
(ii) The culture of a group of people is reflected in their social behavior and interactions.
(iii) The group identity fostered by social patterns is unique to a group.
(iv) Art and architecture are an integral part of every community.
(v) It develops as a part of culture and tradition of a community.
(vi) Each of the 29 states and 7 Union territories of India has rich traditions and unique ways of artistic expression.

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND FORMS:
First Order:
Continents: The vast land masses on earth are called continents.
Oceans: Oceans are vast expanse of water.
Second Order:
Mountains: A landform that rises 600 metre above its surroundings and has steep slopes is called a mountain.
Plateaus: Plateaus are the elevated portions of the earth that have flat surfaces bounded by steep slopes.
Plains: Plains are a flat and relatively low lying lands.
Third Order:
(i) Third order landforms are formed on Mountains, plateaus, and plains mainly by erosional and depositional activities of rivers, glaciers, winds and waves.
(ii) Valleys, beaches and sand dunes are some examples of the third order landforms.