Natural resources can be classified into differentgroups depending on origin, development, renewability, distribution, ownership etc.

People are also referred to as resources

The receding of coal and petrol was in need of an inexhaustible resource (time).

(i) Use of iron plough and axe helped to put more areas of land under cultivation.
(ii) Crops of wheat, rice and barley were cultivated.
(iii) With the growth of agriculture, the idea of private possession of land came into existence.
(iv) New crafts and arts developed leading to production of commodities for sale

(i) Barter system was prevalent (exchange of goods).
(ii) They used Nishka, Satmana (gold coins) and Krishnala (silver coins) for business transactions.

When Aryans permanently settled in Sindh and the Punjab regions they began to practise agriculture.

The present needs of resources are met and the conserving of resources for the future are balanced, we call it sustainable development.

Human resources are groups of individuals who use nature to create more resources.

Pacific Ocean.

(1) Article 14 of the Indian constitution provides equality before the law or equal protection within the territory of India.
(2) Article 15(1) of the Constitution states that the State shall not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(3) Article 17(1) of the Indian constitution, untouchability is totally abolished.

The vast land masses on Earth are called Continents.

The feeling of oneness and unity among the people of various religions, castes of a country is called unity in diversity

(i) The city of lakes is known as Kancheepuram.
(ii) Hundreds of lakes were created for storing water around the town of Kanchi.
(iii) Hence, Kanchi came to be known as the district of lakes.

(i) Sangam Valartha Nagaram
(ii) Thoonga Nagaram (the city that never sleeps).
(iii) Koodal nagar are the other names of Madurai.  

(i) Tamil Literature
(ii) Accounts of foreign travellers
(iii) Archaeological finds provide us information about the ancient town of Tamilagam.

(i) They had well covered drains.The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow.
(iii) Manholes were provided at regular intervals to clear the drains.
(iv) House drains passed below many lanes before finally emptying into the main : drains.
(v) Every house had its own soak pit, which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain.

Indus, civilisation is called Bronze Age civilisation because it is a historical period characterised by the use of articles made of bronze.

(i) Go as a group and hunt the prey.
(ii) Dig a pit and trap the animals and hunt.

(i) Some would have stayed back, without joining the hunting team.
(ii) So for their benefit, these pictures could have been drawn.
(iii) They might have done it as a part of their passtime.

(i) Stone tools.
(ii) Excavated materials.
(iii) Rock paintings are the major sources of pre-history

a. Bay of Bangal
b. North America and South America
c. Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America.
d. Palk Strait.
e. Indian Ocean to the west, the South Pacific Ocean to the East and the Southern
Ocean to the South.
f. Isthumusses -ANarrow piece ofland connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water. Isthumus of Panama - Central America.

Resource is anything that fulfills human needs.
(i) When anything is of some use it becomes valuable.
(ii) All resources have value.
(iii) The value can be either commercial or non-commercial. Commercial resources have great economic value. (e.g.) Petroleum.
(iv) The Non-commercial resources are very abundant in availability (e.g.) Air.

Primary Activities:
Collection of resources directly from nature is called primary activities.
(e.g) sun, air
Secondary activities:
The raw materials obtained from the primary activities are converted into finished products through machinery on a large scale. These activities are called secondary activities.
(e.g) Bridges, Houses, Roads
Tertiary Activities:
Tertiary activities are basically concerned with the distribution of primary and secondary products through a system of transport and trade.
(e.g) Banking, Trade and Communications.

Mahatma Gandhi blamed "human beings" for depletion of resources because of
(i) Over exploitation of resources
(ii) Unlimited needs of human beings. So, conservation is very important

If I were a King like Ashoka; I will implement some schemes.
Education:
To provide quality and equal free education to all from primary to higher studies.
Medical Aid:
To provide quality and free medical aid to all.
Health:
To provide basic needs like food, shelter, dress to all.
Economics:
To develop the economic status of our country giving importance to agricultural activities.
Employment:
To create employment opportunities for growing population from long term schemes.
Information technology:
Due to up coming technologies in the world I will implement new schemes to modernise the

(i) Ashoka sent his son Mahinda and Sanghamitra to Srilanka to propagate Buddhism.
(ii) He also sent missionaries to West Asia, Egypt and Eastern Europe to spread the message of Dhamma.
(iii) The Dhamma - mahamattas were a new cadre of officials created by Ashoka.
(iv) Their job was to spread dhamma all over the empire.
(v) Ashoka held the third Buddhist Council at his capital Pataliputra.

(i) Not to kill any living things.
(ii) Not to steal in any situation;
(iii) No sexual miscontacts.
(iv) Right speech and thoughts.
(v) Right livelyhood.
(vi) No greed.
(vii) No Anger.
(viii) Good View.
(ix) Right efforts.
(x) Right knowledge.

Status of women in Rig Vedic Period:
(i) In Rig Vedic society, women relatively enjoyed some freedom.
(ii) The wife was respected as the mistress of the household.
(iii) She could perform rituals in her house.
(iv) Child marriage and sati were unknown.
(v) There was no bar on the remarriage of widows.
(vi) Nevertheless, the women were denied right.to inherit property from their parents.
(vii) They played no role in public affairs.
Later Vedic period:
(i) In the later Vedic period the role of women in society, as well as their status, even within the family, declined.
(ii) Women could no longer perform rituals in the family.
(iii) The rules of marriage became much more rigid.
(iv) Polygamy became common.
(v) Widow remarriage was not encouraged.
(vi) Education was denied to women.
(vii) lntercaste marriages were spurned.

Prepare slogans, posters and placards to celebrate International Mountain Day.
(i) "Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world."
(ii) "Mountains are beautiful as they rise up above the clouds and show just how grand the world can be."
(iii) "Great things are done when men and mountains meet."
(iv) "How glorious a greeting the Sun gives the mountains."
(v) "Mountains are earth's undecaying monuments."
(vi) "The mountains, forests and seas render men savage, they develop fierce, but yet do not destroy the human. "
(vii) "Men stumble over pebbles, never over mountains."
(viii) "Each fresh peak ascended teaches something."
(ix) "Mountains are the beginning and end of all natural scenery."
(x) "He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary.

a) Uranus
b) Green
c) Due to the presence of methane

(a) Lamp post
(i) Each house and street had a lamp post in Indus civilisation.
(ii) Now a days there is no electric lamp post in deep rural area.
(b) Burnt bricks
(i) The houses were built using baked bricks and mortar.
(ii) Present days we built varity of houses like concrete house, thatch house, etc....
(c) Underground drainage system
(i) Many of these cities in Indus has covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Now a days underground drainage system is functioning only major cities.
(d) Weights and measurement
(i) Indus people had developed a systern of standardised weights and measures.
(ii) Present day we used electronic weighing machine also.
(e) Dockyard
(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the manitime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Now a days there are so many seaports spread in all over India.

Some common social factors. that contributes to the rise of prejudice are
(i) Socialisation
(ii) Conforming behaviours
(iii) Economic benefits
(iv) Authorita, rian personality
(v) Ethno-cntrism
(vi) Group losure
(vii) Conflicts

(i) The different forms of inequalities such as caste inequality, religious inequality, race inequality or gender inequality give rise to discrimination.
(ii) Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion gender etc.
(iii) Treating dark-skinned people differently from fair-skinned people, giving more importance to people of higher than to those of lower caste and thinking boys are smarter than girls are all thoughts of discrimination.
(iv) Article 15(1) of the constitution states that the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

1. Andhra Pradesh - Brahmotsavam
2. Arunachal Pradesh - Losar festival
3. Assam - Bohag Bihu
4. Bihar - Chhath Puja
5. Chhattisgarh - Bastar Dussehra
6. Goa - Carnival
7. Gujarat - Janmashtami, Diwali
8. Haryana - Baisaki
9. Himachal Pradesh - Maha Sivarathiri
10. Jammu and Kashmir - Eid-Ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha
11. Jharkhand - Holi
12. Karnataka - Vgadi
13. Kerala - Onam
14. Madhya Predesh - Diwali
15. Maharastra - Ganesh Chaturthi
16. Manipur - Yaoshang
17. Meghalaya - Nongkrem Dance Festival
18. Mizoram - Chapachar kut Festival
19. Nagaland - Hombill Festival
20. Odisha - Raja Parba
21. Punjab - Lohri
22. Rajasthan - Gangaur Festival
23. Sikkim - Saga Dawa
24. Tamil Nadu - Pongal
25. Telangana - Bonalu
26. Tripura - Kashi puja
27. Uttra Pradesh - Navaratri
28. Uttarkhand - Ganga Dusshera
29. West Bengal - Durga Pooja

(i) Kanchi is also known as the temple city.
(ii) The famous temple of great architectural beauty, Kailasanathar temple, was built by later pallava king Rajasimha II at Kanchi.
(iii) During the Pallava period, a large number of cave temples were built.
(iv) Some temples are situated at Kancheepuram like Ekambaranather Temple, Ulaganath Perumal Temple, Varatharaja Perumal Temple.

(i) The invention of wheel by human is considered to be the foremost invention,
(ii) The invention of wheel made pot making easier.
(iii) The wheel helps to man one place to another place.
(iv) It is used to transportation in trading goods.
(v) In modern days the wheel is most significance in Transport facilities.
(vi) It also used in function of machine in several factories

(i) In ancient period, the people lived in caves.
(ii) Hunting was their main occupation.
(iii) Caves did not live in such a safe environment.
(iv) There might have been changes of wild animals entering caves.
(v) But they realised that dogs could help them prevent the entry of such dangerous animal by sniffing skill.
(vi) Hence they started domesticating dog for their protection and hunting activities.

(i) According to census of India 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
(ii) Four major Indian language families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino Tibetian. Tamil is the oldest Dravidian language.
(iii) Historically, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French came to India for trade and their occupation of India or some parts of it has left behind a certain impact upon the culture and language of the people.
(iv) Because the British ruled over the entire country for over three hundred years before independence in 1947, the English language gained prominence in India. In due course, English has emerged as an important language and a medium of instruction in schools and colleges.
(v) It is widely used in official communication and daily life.
Cultural Diversity :
(i) The term 'culture' refers to customs and practices of people, their language, their dress code, cuisine, religion, social habits, music, art, and architecture.
(ii) The culture of a group of people is reflected in their social behavior and interactions.
(iii) The group identity fostered by social patterns is unique to a group.
(iv) Art and architecture are an integral part of every community.
(v) It develops as a part of culture and tradition of a community.
(vi) Each of the 29 states and 7 Union territories of India has rich traditions and unique ways of artistic expression.

(i) The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface.
(ii) It carry out about 50% of global primary production and support the greatest biodiversity on the Earth.
(iii) They are also one of the largest carbon reservoirs in the Earth system.
(iv) It regulate climate and weather climate.
(v) They vital role in transportation in sea trade.
(vi) Ocean currens are playing a keyrole in climatic control in coastal regions.

Rotation:
(i) It is the spinning movement of the earth on its axis.
(ii) The rotation of the earth causes day and night.
(iii) As the earth is spherical in shape, only one half of it is illuminated by the sun at a time.
(iv) The other half remains dark.
(v) The illuminated portion of the earth experiences day, whereas the darkened part of the earth experiences night.
Revolution:
(i) It is the movement of the earth around the sun on its elliptical path.
(ii) The inclination of the earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun cause different seasons.