The important mountain ranges are the Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, the Dinaric Alps, the Caucasus and the Carpathian.

The Sun is overhead on a line of longitude only once in a day.

(i) The Earth which is spherical, is flat at the poles and bulges at the Equator.
(ii) The Earth cannot be compared with any other geometrical shape as it has a very unique shape.
(iii) Hence, its shape is called a geoid.

Disaster is broadly classified into natural and manmade disasters.
(i) Natural disasters - Earthquake, Tsunamis, Cyclone, Floods etc.
(ii) Man-made disasters - Fire, Building and Industry accidents, Transport accidents etc.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society involving human and material loss.

(i) January 26 - Republic Day
(ii) August 15 - Independence Day 
(iii) May 1 - Labour Day 
(iv) October 2 - Gandhi Jeyanthi

(i) House tax
(ii) Professional tax
(iii) Tax on shops
(iv) Water charges
(v) Specific fees for property tax
(vi) Specific fees for transfer of immovable property
(vii) Funds from Central and State Governments, etc.

(i) The structure of the government institutions and methods the rules and regulations to be followed and the powers and responsibilities.
(ii) It fixes the Rights and Duties and the Directive Principles of the citizens.

Important lines of latitude:
1. North pole 90^o N.
2. Tropic of Capricorn 231/2^o S.
3. Arctic Circle 661/2^o N.
4. Antartic Circle 661/2^o S.
5. Tropic of Cancer 231/2^o N.
6. South Pole 90^o S.
7. Equator 0^o.
Zones of the Earth:
Torrid zone:
(i) It lies 0^o to 231/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall vertically over this region and the average temperature is very high.
Temperate zone:
(i) It lies 231/2^o N to 661/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall slantingly. Moderate temperature prevails in this region.
Frigid zone:
(i) It lies 661/2^o N to 90^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall further inclined, throughout the year. The temperature is very low.

(i) The Western Chalukya empire ruled most of the western deccan, South India, between the 10^th and 12^th Centuries.
(ii) They were the descendants of Badami chalukyas ruled from kalyani (modern day Basavakalyan)
(iii) In 1973, Tariapa - II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Bijapur region defeated Parmara of Malwa.
(iv) Tailapa - II occupied Kalyani his fimasty quickly grew into an empire under Someswara - I.
(v) Someswara - I moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani.
(vi) For over a century, the western chalukyas and the chola dynasty of Thanjavur, fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of vengi.
(vii) During the rule of Vikramaditya VI in the late 1le century vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukyas control.
(viii) The Kasi Visweshvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi represeni well known examples of the architecture of western Chaitrkyas of Kalyani.

Moderator: I welcome all of you for the debate on wearing helmet. First I call upon Mr. Mani to talk about the necessities of helmet.
Mani: Good Morning. Helmet wearing is very important for the motor cycle riders. It protects us from any head injury incase of accidents. Even the pillion riders also should wear helmet.
Moderator: Thank you. Now I call upon Mr. Rajesh to tell about the inconveniences of wearing the helmet.
Rajesh: Good Morning. Helmet is too heavy to wear. It increases the sweating. Some times we maynot hear the horn sounds behind.
Moderator: Thank you all. Though there are some inconveniences in wearing helmet we must wear helmet while driving. Ofcourse our life is more precious.

(i) Safety ever; Accident never.
(ii) Start early, Drive slowly, Reach safely.
(iii) Be a safety hero; score an accident zero.
(iv) East or west safety is first.

(i) Invention of zero and the consequent evolution of the decimal system were the legacy of Guptas to the modem world.
(ii) Aryabhatta, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta were. foremost astronomers and mathematicians of the time.
(iii) Aryabhatta, in his book Surya Siddhanta, explained the true causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
(iv) He was the first Indian astronomer to declare that the earth revolves around its own axis.
(v) Dhanvantriwas a famous scholar in the field of medicine. He was a specialist in Ayurveda. Charaka was a medical scientist. Susruta was the first Indian to explain the process of surgery.

(i) The Guptas were the first to construct temples, which evolved from the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines.
(ii) Adorned with towers and elobrate carvings, these temples were dedicated to all Hindu deities.
(iii) The most notable rock-cut caves are found at Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra), Bagh (Madhya Pradesh) and Udaygiri (Odisha).
(iv) The structural temples built during this period resemble the characteristic features of the Dravidian style.

Local bodies play an important role in the development of villages and cities, because there are many services provided by local bodies to the people like drinking water supply, street lighting, Drainage and sewage pipe system, Laying down roads and maintenance, laying public parks, libraries, play grounds, etc. The main work of local bodies is activation of central and state government schemes to the common people.

1. The Indo - Greek rule in India was ended by the sakas.
2. Sakas as nomads came in huge number and spread all over northern and western India.
3. The Sakas were Scythians, nomadic ancient Iranians and known as sakas in Sanskrit.

Asia covers about 30 percent of the worlds land area and about 60 percent of the world's population.

(i) The sun's rays fall further inclined, through out the year.
(ii) The temperature is low.
(iii) Hence, this region is known as Frigid zone.