(i) We see the shape of the Earth as a whole and to know its unique features, a three dimensional model of the Earth was created with a specific scale.
(ii) There are imaginary lines which are drawn on the globe horizontally and vertically to find a location and calculate distance and time.

(i) The Western Chalukya empire ruled most of the western deccan, South India, between the 10^th and 12^th Centuries.
(ii) They were the descendants of Badami chalukyas ruled from kalyani (modern day Basavakalyan)
(iii) In 1973, Tariapa - II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Bijapur region defeated Parmara of Malwa.
(iv) Tailapa - II occupied Kalyani his fimasty quickly grew into an empire under Someswara - I.
(v) Someswara - I moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani.
(vi) For over a century, the western chalukyas and the chola dynasty of Thanjavur, fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of vengi.
(vii) During the rule of Vikramaditya VI in the late 1le century vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukyas control.
(viii) The Kasi Visweshvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi represeni well known examples of the architecture of western Chaitrkyas of Kalyani.

(i) As per the report by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MRTH) as many us 1.47 lakhs people died on Indian Roads in 4.64 lakh accidents.
(ii) Fatal road accidents victims largely constitute young people in the productive age groups. Young adults in the age group of 18-45 years accounted for 72.1% of victims.
(iii) People in working age group of 18-60 years accounted for a share of 87.2% in the total road accident fatalities.

(i) Invention of zero and the consequent evolution of the decimal system were the legacy of Guptas to the modem world.
(ii) Aryabhatta, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta were. foremost astronomers and mathematicians of the time.
(iii) Aryabhatta, in his book Surya Siddhanta, explained the true causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
(iv) He was the first Indian astronomer to declare that the earth revolves around its own axis.
(v) Dhanvantriwas a famous scholar in the field of medicine. He was a specialist in Ayurveda. Charaka was a medical scientist. Susruta was the first Indian to explain the process of surgery.

(i) Prashasti is a Sanskrit word, meaning commendation or 'in praise of'.
(ii) Court poets flattered their kings listing out their achievements.
(iii) These accounts were later engraved on pillars so that the people could read them.

Local bodies play an important role in the development of villages and cities, because there are many services provided by local bodies to the people like drinking water supply, street lighting, Drainage and sewage pipe system, Laying down roads and maintenance, laying public parks, libraries, play grounds, etc. The main work of local bodies is activation of central and state government schemes to the common people.

(i) Pushyamitra's kingdom extended westward to include Ujjain and Vidisha.
(ii) He Successfully repulsed the invasion of Bactria king, Menander.
(iii) Pushyamitra thwarted an attack from the Kalinga King Kharavela.
(iv) He also conquered Vidarba.

Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, the Saint Day, Redentore, Tomatina and Carnival are the important festivals of Europe.

When the sun is overhead on a particular line of longitude, it is 12 noon at all the places located on that line of longitude. This is called local time.

Disaster is broadly classified into natural and manmade disasters.
(i) Natural disasters - Earthquake, Tsunamis, Cyclone, Floods etc.
(ii) Man-made disasters - Fire, Building and Industry accidents, Transport accidents etc.

Yes, Tirunelveli.

Monsoon Asia is suitable for rice cultivation because of the abundant rainfall, fertile plains and availability of labour.

(i) If the line is drawn straight, two places in the same country would have different dates.
(ii) So, the International Date Line is found Zigzag in certain places to avoid confusion.