The use of any natural resource depends on the place it is available, the form in which it is available and the technology necessary to avail it

Time and Technology

primary activities such as hunting, food gathering, fishing and forestry

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

The sky gods like Prithvi (Earth), Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varona (rain), Indra (Thunder).

When Aryans permanently settled in Sindh and the Punjab regions they began to practise agriculture.

(i) Anything that fulfills human needs can be called a resource.
(ii) Resources can be natural, man-made and human resources.

Resources once consumed can be renewed with the passage of time are called renewable resources. (e.g) Air, Water, Sunlight.

Pacific Ocean.

Third order of land form.

(i) Discrimination can be defined as negative actions towards people.
(ii) Discrimination can happen the basis of colour, class, religion and gender.

The vast land masses on Earth are called Continents.

(i) A continent is a very large area of land with various physical features such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and seas and various types of weather patterns
(ii) India has all of them.
(iii) So, India is known as a sub-continent.

(i) The city of lakes is known as Kancheepuram.
(ii) Hundreds of lakes were created for storing water around the town of Kanchi.
(iii) Hence, Kanchi came to be known as the district of lakes.

(i) Tamil Literature
(ii) Accounts of foreign travellers
(iii) Archaeological finds provide us information about the ancient town of Tamilagam.

1. Harappa
2. Mohenjo - Daro

(i) The great bath was a large, rectangular tank in a courtyard. It may be the earliest example of a water-proof structure.
(ii) The bath was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made water-tight using layers of natural bitumen.
(iii) There were steps on the north and south leading into the tank.
(iv) There were rooms on three sides.
(v) Water was drawn from the well, located in the courtyard and drained out after use.

(i) They had well covered drains.The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Each drain had a gentle slope so that water could flow.
(iii) Manholes were provided at regular intervals to clear the drains.
(iv) House drains passed below many lanes before finally emptying into the main : drains.
(v) Every house had its own soak pit, which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain.

(i) Anthropology is the study of human and evolutionary history.
(ii) The word anthropology is derived from two Greek words
(iii) Anthropos meaning "man" or "human";
(iv) Logos, meaning "thought" or "reason.

Modern human beings; hunting and gathering society; still used crude stone implements.

(i) The period between the use of first stone tools and the invention of writing systems is pre-history.
(ii) Stone tools, excavated materials and rock paintings are the major sources of prehistory.

(i) History is a record of past events in chronological order.
(ii) The term History has been derived from the Greek word Istoria which means learning by enquiry.

a. Bay of Bangal
b. North America and South America
c. Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America.
d. Palk Strait.
e. Indian Ocean to the west, the South Pacific Ocean to the East and the Southern
Ocean to the South.
f. Isthumusses -ANarrow piece ofland connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water. Isthumus of Panama - Central America.

Resource is anything that fulfills human needs.
(i) When anything is of some use it becomes valuable.
(ii) All resources have value.
(iii) The value can be either commercial or non-commercial. Commercial resources have great economic value. (e.g.) Petroleum.
(iv) The Non-commercial resources are very abundant in availability (e.g.) Air.

Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources. Resource planning is necessary because
(i) Resources are limited, their planning is quite necessary so that we can use them properly and at the same time we can save them for our future generation.
(ii) Resources are not only limited but also they are unevenly distributed over the different parts of the World.
(iii) It is essential for the production of resource to protect them from over exploitation.

Mahatma Gandhi blamed "human beings" for depletion of resources because of
(i) Over exploitation of resources
(ii) Unlimited needs of human beings. So, conservation is very important

If I were a King like Ashoka; I will implement some schemes.
Education:
To provide quality and equal free education to all from primary to higher studies.
Medical Aid:
To provide quality and free medical aid to all.
Health:
To provide basic needs like food, shelter, dress to all.
Economics:
To develop the economic status of our country giving importance to agricultural activities.
Employment:
To create employment opportunities for growing population from long term schemes.
Information technology:
Due to up coming technologies in the world I will implement new schemes to modernise the

(i) Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 B.C.
(ii) He won the war and captured Kalinga.
(iii) The horror of war was described by the king himself in the Rock Edict XIII.
(iv) After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka became a Buddhist.
(v) He under took tours to different parts of the country instructing people on policy of Dhamma.
(vi) Ashoka sent his son Mahindra and his daughter Sanghamitra to Srilanka to propagate Buddhism.
(vii) He took importance in the welfare of the people like hospitals, laying roads, irrigation, etc.
(viii) So, Ashoka was considered as a great emperor of ancient India.

Jain code of Conduct:
Mahavira asked his followers to live a virtuous life. In order to live a life filled will sound morals, he preached five major principles to follow.
They are:
(i) Ahimsa - not to injure any living beings.
(ii) Satya - to speak the truth.
(iii) Asteya - not to steal.
(iv) Aparigraha - not to own Property
(v) Brahmacharya - Celibacy.

Status of women in Rig Vedic Period:
(i) In Rig Vedic society, women relatively enjoyed some freedom.
(ii) The wife was respected as the mistress of the household.
(iii) She could perform rituals in her house.
(iv) Child marriage and sati were unknown.
(v) There was no bar on the remarriage of widows.
(vi) Nevertheless, the women were denied right.to inherit property from their parents.
(vii) They played no role in public affairs.
Later Vedic period:
(i) In the later Vedic period the role of women in society, as well as their status, even within the family, declined.
(ii) Women could no longer perform rituals in the family.
(iii) The rules of marriage became much more rigid.
(iv) Polygamy became common.
(v) Widow remarriage was not encouraged.
(vi) Education was denied to women.
(vii) lntercaste marriages were spurned.

Prepare slogans, posters and placards to celebrate International Mountain Day.
(i) "Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world."
(ii) "Mountains are beautiful as they rise up above the clouds and show just how grand the world can be."
(iii) "Great things are done when men and mountains meet."
(iv) "How glorious a greeting the Sun gives the mountains."
(v) "Mountains are earth's undecaying monuments."
(vi) "The mountains, forests and seas render men savage, they develop fierce, but yet do not destroy the human. "
(vii) "Men stumble over pebbles, never over mountains."
(viii) "Each fresh peak ascended teaches something."
(ix) "Mountains are the beginning and end of all natural scenery."
(x) "He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary.

a) Uranus
b) Green
c) Due to the presence of methane

(a) Lamp post
(i) Each house and street had a lamp post in Indus civilisation.
(ii) Now a days there is no electric lamp post in deep rural area.
(b) Burnt bricks
(i) The houses were built using baked bricks and mortar.
(ii) Present days we built varity of houses like concrete house, thatch house, etc....
(c) Underground drainage system
(i) Many of these cities in Indus has covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Now a days underground drainage system is functioning only major cities.
(d) Weights and measurement
(i) Indus people had developed a systern of standardised weights and measures.
(ii) Present day we used electronic weighing machine also.
(e) Dockyard
(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the manitime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Now a days there are so many seaports spread in all over India.

Some common social factors. that contributes to the rise of prejudice are
(i) Socialisation
(ii) Conforming behaviours
(iii) Economic benefits
(iv) Authorita, rian personality
(v) Ethno-cntrism
(vi) Group losure
(vii) Conflicts

(i) The different forms of inequalities such as caste inequality, religious inequality, race inequality or gender inequality give rise to discrimination.
(ii) Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion gender etc.
(iii) Treating dark-skinned people differently from fair-skinned people, giving more importance to people of higher than to those of lower caste and thinking boys are smarter than girls are all thoughts of discrimination.
(iv) Article 15(1) of the constitution states that the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

(i) Kanchi is also known as the temple city.
(ii) The famous temple of great architectural beauty, Kailasanathar temple, was built by later pallava king Rajasimha II at Kanchi.
(iii) During the Pallava period, a large number of cave temples were built.
(iv) Some temples are situated at Kancheepuram like Ekambaranather Temple, Ulaganath Perumal Temple, Varatharaja Perumal Temple.

(i) In ancient period, the people lived in caves.
(ii) Hunting was their main occupation.
(iii) Caves did not live in such a safe environment.
(iv) There might have been changes of wild animals entering caves.
(v) But they realised that dogs could help them prevent the entry of such dangerous animal by sniffing skill.
(vi) Hence they started domesticating dog for their protection and hunting activities.

(i) Diversities are seen in landscapes, climate, natural vegetation and soil.
(ii) Diversities are seen in languages, races, religion, customs and caste. 
(iii) And also diversities are seen in habits and heritage, food and dress, art and architecture.
(iv) Irrespective of differences in all the above, we all take pride in calling ourselves as Indians.
(v) The feeling of oneness and unity among the people of various religious, castes of a country is called unity in diversity.