Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, N. Gopalasamy, K.M.Munshi, Syed Ahmed Asadullah, P.L. Mitter, N.Madhava Rao, T.T.K, T.P. Khaitan were the legal experts of the Drafting Committee.

It took a period of 2 years, 11 months, and 17 days. It was completed on 26th November 1949.

The finished goods which are bought from the market to fulfill the daily needs of the consumers is called consumer goods. Example: rice, clothes, bicycles, etc.

The lower part has an elephant, a horse, a bull and a lion. The' Wheel of righteousness'. is placed between them. This emblem is found at the top of the government communication. Indian currency and passport

The use of any natural resource depends on the place it is available, the form in which it is available and the technology necessary to avail it

Sun's energy to generate electricity was made possible after the invention of solar panels (technology).

primary activities such as hunting, food gathering, fishing and forestry

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

(i) In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep and horse.

The sky gods like Prithvi (Earth), Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varona (rain), Indra (Thunder).

(i) There are duties respecting the National flag and National Anthem. 
(ii) Respect and protect the Constitution, follow our great leaders who fought for our freedom, to protect our country, readiness to serve our country if necessary, treating everyone as brothers irrespective of their castes, religions, languages, races etc., to conserve our ancient heritage, and conserve natural elements like forests, rivers and lakes and fauna to develop science, humanity and feelings of reformation to avoid non-violence and Protect government property, parents or guardians providing educational opportunities to children between 6-14 years etc., have been added as our duties

(i) Right to Equality,
(ii) Right to freedom,
(iii) Right against exploitation,
(iv) Right to freedom of Religion,
(v) Cultural and Educational Rights and
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies

(i) Automobile industry
(ii) Manufacturing industry
(iii) Iron and steel industry
(iv) Textile industry
(v) Banking, etc.

(i) A system of exchanging goods for other goods, called barter system.
(ii) For example, exchange a bag of rice for enough clothes.

There is a Peacock Sanctuary at Viralimalai in the district of Pudukottai (Tamilnadu).

(i) This anthem has to be sung at a duration of 52 seconds.
(ii) Everyone should stand erect while singing the national anthem.
(iii) One should understand the meaning while singing.

Tertiary activities are basically concerned with the distribution of primary and secondary products through a system of transport and trade. (e.g) Banking, Trade and Communications.

Human resources are groups of individuals who use nature to create more resources.

(i) Discrimination can be defined as negative actions towards people.
(ii) Discrimination can happen the basis of colour, class, religion and gender.

The vast land masses on Earth are called Continents.

(i) A continent is a very large area of land with various physical features such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and seas and various types of weather patterns
(ii) India has all of them.
(iii) So, India is known as a sub-continent.

The types of diversity are 
(i) Land forms and Lifestyle diversity
(ii) Social diversity
(iii) Religions diversity
(iv) Linguistic diversity
(v) Cultural diversity

(i) The city of lakes is known as Kancheepuram.
(ii) Hundreds of lakes were created for storing water around the town of Kanchi.
(iii) Hence, Kanchi came to be known as the district of lakes.

Scholars like Dharmabalar, Jothibalar, Sumathi and Bodhi Dharamar where born in Kanchi.

1. Harappa
2. Mohenjo - Daro

(i) The great bath was a large, rectangular tank in a courtyard. It may be the earliest example of a water-proof structure.
(ii) The bath was lined with bricks, coated with plaster and made water-tight using layers of natural bitumen.
(iii) There were steps on the north and south leading into the tank.
(iv) There were rooms on three sides.
(v) Water was drawn from the well, located in the courtyard and drained out after use.

Indus, civilisation is called Bronze Age civilisation because it is a historical period characterised by the use of articles made of bronze.

The axes were made to cut trees, remove barks, dig pits, hunt animals and remove the skin of animals.

Humans moved to another place in search of food.

(i) Tamil Nadu - Athirampakkam, Adichanallur, Paiyampalli
(ii) Karnataka - Hunasagi Valley
(iii) Mathya Pradesh - Bimbetka
(iv) Andra Pradesh - Brahmagiri

(i) The period between the use of first stone tools and the invention of writing systems is pre-history.
(ii) Stone tools, excavated materials and rock paintings are the major sources of prehistory.

(i) Agriculture is the primary occupation.
(ii) There won't be any kind of facilities like our cities.
(iii) At the same time, they get their basic needs fulfilled easily.
(iv) There are small shops.
(v) Vegetables are grown in'abundance.just like rice and pulses.
(vi) Though the sugar that isadded in our milk, coffee and tea is produced in sugar mills, the raw material sugarcane is cultivated in villages.
(vii) From chilies to mustard, all those provisions used for food are grown in villages.

• On January 29, the thirddayoftheRepublic day, the celebrations are brought to an end with the"Beating.Reteat" ceremony.
• This is performed by the bands ofIndian Army, Navy and Airforce.
• The President of India is the chief guest of this day.
• Rashtrapati Bhavan will be illuminated at 6pm as apart of the celebration.

ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION:
On the basis of distribution, resources can be classified into localized resources and universal resources.
(i) When resources are present in specific regions they are called localized resources.
(e.g.) Minerals.
(ii) Some resources are present everywhere Such resources are called universal resources.
(e.g.) Sunlight and air.
(ii) On National resources are resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area of a country.
(e.g.) Tropical forest regions of India.

Sustainable development can take place when
(i) The reasons of depletion are identified.
(ii) Wastage and excess consumption is prevented.
(iii) Reusable resources are recycled.
(iv) Pollution is prevented.
(v) Environment is protected.
(vi) Natural vegetation and wild life are preserved.
(vii) Alternative resources are used.

(i) Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 B.C.
(ii) He won the war and captured Kalinga.
(iii) The horror of war was described by the king himself in the Rock Edict XIII.
(iv) After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka became a Buddhist.
(v) He under took tours to different parts of the country instructing people on policy of Dhamma.
(vi) Ashoka sent his son Mahindra and his daughter Sanghamitra to Srilanka to propagate Buddhism.
(vii) He took importance in the welfare of the people like hospitals, laying roads, irrigation, etc.
(viii) So, Ashoka was considered as a great emperor of ancient India.

The Causes for the Rise of Magadha
(i) Magadha was located onthe lower part of the Gangetic plain. The plain was fertile which ensured the rich agricultural yield. This provided regular and substantial income to the state.
(ii) The thick forests supplied timber for construction of buildings and elephants for army.
(iii) Abundance of natural resources especially iron enabled them to equip themselves with weapons made of iron.
(iv) Growing trade and commerce facilitated movement of people as well as settlement of people in centres of arts and crafts.
(v) The outcome was urbanization and emergence of Magadha as an empire.

Status of women in Rig Vedic Period:
(i) In Rig Vedic society, women relatively enjoyed some freedom.
(ii) The wife was respected as the mistress of the household.
(iii) She could perform rituals in her house.
(iv) Child marriage and sati were unknown.
(v) There was no bar on the remarriage of widows.
(vi) Nevertheless, the women were denied right.to inherit property from their parents.
(vii) They played no role in public affairs.
Later Vedic period:
(i) In the later Vedic period the role of women in society, as well as their status, even within the family, declined.
(ii) Women could no longer perform rituals in the family.
(iii) The rules of marriage became much more rigid.
(iv) Polygamy became common.
(v) Widow remarriage was not encouraged.
(vi) Education was denied to women.
(vii) lntercaste marriages were spurned.

Prepare slogans, posters and placards to celebrate International Mountain Day.
(i) "Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world."
(ii) "Mountains are beautiful as they rise up above the clouds and show just how grand the world can be."
(iii) "Great things are done when men and mountains meet."
(iv) "How glorious a greeting the Sun gives the mountains."
(v) "Mountains are earth's undecaying monuments."
(vi) "The mountains, forests and seas render men savage, they develop fierce, but yet do not destroy the human. "
(vii) "Men stumble over pebbles, never over mountains."
(viii) "Each fresh peak ascended teaches something."
(ix) "Mountains are the beginning and end of all natural scenery."
(x) "He who climbs upon the highest mountains laughs at all tragedies, real or imaginary.

a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Uranus
d. Mars

Agriculture was one of their occupation:
(i) Granaries were used to store food grains.
(ii) The remains of wheat, barley, millets, sesame and pulses have been found there.
(iii) A granary with walls made of mud bricks, which are still in a good condition, has been discovered in Rakhigarhi, a village in Haryana, belonging to mature Harappan phase.

Some common social factors. that contributes to the rise of prejudice are
(i) Socialisation
(ii) Conforming behaviours
(iii) Economic benefits
(iv) Authorita, rian personality
(v) Ethno-cntrism
(vi) Group losure
(vii) Conflicts

(i) The different forms of inequalities such as caste inequality, religious inequality, race inequality or gender inequality give rise to discrimination.
(ii) Discrimination can happen on the basis of colour, class, religion gender etc.
(iii) Treating dark-skinned people differently from fair-skinned people, giving more importance to people of higher than to those of lower caste and thinking boys are smarter than girls are all thoughts of discrimination.
(iv) Article 15(1) of the constitution states that the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

(i) Kanchi is also known as the temple city.
(ii) The famous temple of great architectural beauty, Kailasanathar temple, was built by later pallava king Rajasimha II at Kanchi.
(iii) During the Pallava period, a large number of cave temples were built.
(iv) Some temples are situated at Kancheepuram like Ekambaranather Temple, Ulaganath Perumal Temple, Varatharaja Perumal Temple.

(i) In ancient period, the people lived in caves.
(ii) Hunting was their main occupation.
(iii) Caves did not live in such a safe environment.
(iv) There might have been changes of wild animals entering caves.
(v) But they realised that dogs could help them prevent the entry of such dangerous animal by sniffing skill.
(vi) Hence they started domesticating dog for their protection and hunting activities.

(i) According to census of India 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
(ii) Four major Indian language families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino Tibetian. Tamil is the oldest Dravidian language.
(iii) Historically, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French came to India for trade and their occupation of India or some parts of it has left behind a certain impact upon the culture and language of the people.
(iv) Because the British ruled over the entire country for over three hundred years before independence in 1947, the English language gained prominence in India. In due course, English has emerged as an important language and a medium of instruction in schools and colleges.
(v) It is widely used in official communication and daily life.
Cultural Diversity :
(i) The term 'culture' refers to customs and practices of people, their language, their dress code, cuisine, religion, social habits, music, art, and architecture.
(ii) The culture of a group of people is reflected in their social behavior and interactions.
(iii) The group identity fostered by social patterns is unique to a group.
(iv) Art and architecture are an integral part of every community.
(v) It develops as a part of culture and tradition of a community.
(vi) Each of the 29 states and 7 Union territories of India has rich traditions and unique ways of artistic expression.

(i) The earth is the most suitable planet to support life.
(ii) It has thrge major components that we call as the realms of the Earth lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Lithosphere:
(i) The lithosphere is the land on which we live.
(ii) It is the solid outer layer of the earth consisting of rocks and soils.
Hydrosphere:
(i) The hydrosphere consists of water bodies such as oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps.on mountains and water vapour in the atmosphere.
Atmosphere:
(i) Atmosphere is the envelope of air that surrounds the earth.
(ii) Different types of gases make up the atmosphere.
(iii) The major gases are Nitrogen 78% and Oxygen 21%.
(iv) The other gases like Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Helium, Argon and Ozone are present in meager amounts.
Biosphere:
(i) The narrow belt of interaction among the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, where life exists is known as biosphere.
(ii) Bio means life in Greek.
(iii) It consists of distinct zones.
(iv) Each zone has its own climate, plant and animal life.
(iv) These zones are known as ecosystems.