Time and Technology

People are also referred to as resources

Primary resources transforming of raw materials into finished goods is called Secondary Activities.

(i) The gurukula system is an ancient learning method.
(ii) The word Gurukula is a combination of the Sanskrit Word Guru (teacher or master) and Kula (family or home).
(iii) The shishyas resided with their guru and served them and simultaneously learnt and gained knowledge.
(iv) The students received education through oral tradition meaning rote learning, and were required to memorise everything.

(i) Barter system was prevalent (exchange of goods).
(ii) They used Nishka, Satmana (gold coins) and Krishnala (silver coins) for business transactions.

(i) In the later Vedic period the Aryans tamed elephants, apart from cow, goat, sheep and horse.

The present needs of resources are met and the conserving of resources for the future are balanced, we call it sustainable development.

(i) Abiotic resources are non-living things.
(ii) Land, water, air and minerals are abiotic resources.

Antarctica.

(i) Discrimination can be defined as negative actions towards people.
(ii) Discrimination can happen the basis of colour, class, religion and gender.

Prejudice means to judge other people in a negative or inferior manner, without knowing much about them. It happens when people have false belief and ideas.

From the largest to the smallest, they are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antartica, Europe and Australia.

The types of diversity are 
(i) Land forms and Lifestyle diversity
(ii) Social diversity
(iii) Religions diversity
(iv) Linguistic diversity
(v) Cultural diversity

People speak different languages, eat different kinds of food, celebrate their own festivals and different cultures, worship in different ways, yet we live together. This is known as diversity.

(i) Sangam Valartha Nagaram
(ii) Thoonga Nagaram (the city that never sleeps).
(iii) Koodal nagar are the other names of Madurai.  

(i) Pandyas, the Cholas and later the Kalabras ruled Madurai in the ancient period.
(ii) During medieval times, later Cholas and later Pandyas followed by the Nayaks ruled this historic town.

(i) Madurai
(ii) Kancheepuram
(iii) Poompuhar

Archaeology is the study of pre historic humans remained materials used by pre historic humans.

(i) Go as a group and hunt the prey.
(ii) Dig a pit and trap the animals and hunt.

(i) Bones and horns of the Animals
(ii) Sharphened and crude stone weapens
(iii) Sharphened branches of trees.

(i) We should understand the life style of olden Age people with the help of museum.
(ii) Research students are get more information for museum

(i) The period between the use of first stone tools and the invention of writing systems is pre-history.
(ii) Stone tools, excavated materials and rock paintings are the major sources of prehistory.

ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION:
On the basis of distribution, resources can be classified into localized resources and universal resources.
(i) When resources are present in specific regions they are called localized resources.
(e.g.) Minerals.
(ii) Some resources are present everywhere Such resources are called universal resources.
(e.g.) Sunlight and air.
(ii) On National resources are resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area of a country.
(e.g.) Tropical forest regions of India.

Shruti - 'Shrutis' means listening (or unwritten) ones that was transmitted orally through generations.
Gramani - Gramani was the head of a village called Grama
Rashtras - Rasthras were tribal Kingdoms during Rig vedic period. (Bharatas. Matsyas, Puras)
Iron Age - Towards the end of Iron age, people stepped into what is known as Megalithic culture.
Semi nomadic - Semi nomadic people lived usually in portable or temporary dwellings.
Border - Under border system people exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in turn.

Sustainable development can take place when
(i) The reasons of depletion are identified.
(ii) Wastage and excess consumption is prevented.
(iii) Reusable resources are recycled.
(iv) Pollution is prevented.
(v) Environment is protected.
(vi) Natural vegetation and wild life are preserved.
(vii) Alternative resources are used.

(i) Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 B.C.
(ii) He won the war and captured Kalinga.
(iii) The horror of war was described by the king himself in the Rock Edict XIII.
(iv) After the battle of Kalinga, Ashoka became a Buddhist.
(v) He under took tours to different parts of the country instructing people on policy of Dhamma.
(vi) Ashoka sent his son Mahindra and his daughter Sanghamitra to Srilanka to propagate Buddhism.
(vii) He took importance in the welfare of the people like hospitals, laying roads, irrigation, etc.
(viii) So, Ashoka was considered as a great emperor of ancient India.

The Causes for the Rise of Magadha
(i) Magadha was located onthe lower part of the Gangetic plain. The plain was fertile which ensured the rich agricultural yield. This provided regular and substantial income to the state.
(ii) The thick forests supplied timber for construction of buildings and elephants for army.
(iii) Abundance of natural resources especially iron enabled them to equip themselves with weapons made of iron.
(iv) Growing trade and commerce facilitated movement of people as well as settlement of people in centres of arts and crafts.
(v) The outcome was urbanization and emergence of Magadha as an empire.

(i) Mountains make up more than a quarter of the planet's land mass. These surfaces provide resources for nearly 700 million people through out the world.
(ii) Mountains provide energy resources, food and water to people all around the world.
(iii) But climate change could cause mountains to shrink.
(iv) Deforestation has also been a threat while natural disasters often damage many mountains.
(v) Mountains are among the most beautiful land masses in the world. So like conservation of forests, conservation of mountains also equally important.

a. Mercury
b. Jupiter
c. Uranus
d. Mars

(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarat. It shows the maritime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Cylindrical seals similar to those found in Persian Gulf and mesopotamia have also been found in the Indus area.
(iii) This shows the trade links between these two areas.

Agriculture was one of their occupation:
(i) Granaries were used to store food grains.
(ii) The remains of wheat, barley, millets, sesame and pulses have been found there.
(iii) A granary with walls made of mud bricks, which are still in a good condition, has been discovered in Rakhigarhi, a village in Haryana, belonging to mature Harappan phase.

(a) Lamp post
(i) Each house and street had a lamp post in Indus civilisation.
(ii) Now a days there is no electric lamp post in deep rural area.
(b) Burnt bricks
(i) The houses were built using baked bricks and mortar.
(ii) Present days we built varity of houses like concrete house, thatch house, etc....
(c) Underground drainage system
(i) Many of these cities in Indus has covered drains. The drains were covered with slabs or bricks.
(ii) Now a days underground drainage system is functioning only major cities.
(d) Weights and measurement
(i) Indus people had developed a systern of standardised weights and measures.
(ii) Present day we used electronic weighing machine also.
(e) Dockyard
(i) A naval dockyard has been discovered in Lothal in Gujarath. It shows the manitime activities of the Indus people.
(ii) Now a days there are so many seaports spread in all over India.

Types of discrimination:
(a) Caste discrimination
(b) Gender discrimination
(c) Religious discrimination
(a) Gaste discrimination:
(i) Caste system is the most dominant reason for inequality and discrimination in India.
(ii) Many people in India have fought against caste oppression.
(iii) The most prominent among them was Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
(iv) He fought actively for equality among the citizens of India.
(b) Gender discrimination:
(i) Gender discrimination refers to health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India.
(ii) For example a girl is not allowed to go to college after finishing her schooling.
(iii) Most of the girls are not allowed to select a career of their choice, rather they are forced into marriage.
(iv) In some families, girls are not allowed to wear modern dresses while boys in such families often wear modern dresses.
(c) Religious discrimination:
(i) Religions discrimination is unequal treatment of an individual or group based on their beliefs.
(ii) Religious discrimination has been around for a long time.
(iii) There have been problems between people of different religions for thousands of years.
(iv) Some people are not allowed to enter in public places; especially the places of worship, because they belong to another religion.
(v) Some religious people often end up in conflict with each other because of their rituals and way of life.

(i) A place of learning is called school.
(ii) Several schools were established in great numbers for the first time in Kancheepuram.
(iii) Jains studied in Jainapalli, and Buddhists studied in Viharas.
(iv) The greatness of Kanchi as an educational centre can be understand from the fact that the chinese traveller Hieun Tsang who studied at Nalanda University visited Kanchi 'Kadigai' to pursue his further studies.
(v) Poet kalidasa says, "Kanchi is the best of the towns".
(vi) Tamil poet saint Thirunavukarasar praises kanchi as "Kalviyil Karai illatha Kanchi".

(i) According to census of India 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
(ii) Four major Indian language families are Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino Tibetian. Tamil is the oldest Dravidian language.
(iii) Historically, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French came to India for trade and their occupation of India or some parts of it has left behind a certain impact upon the culture and language of the people.
(iv) Because the British ruled over the entire country for over three hundred years before independence in 1947, the English language gained prominence in India. In due course, English has emerged as an important language and a medium of instruction in schools and colleges.
(v) It is widely used in official communication and daily life.
Cultural Diversity :
(i) The term 'culture' refers to customs and practices of people, their language, their dress code, cuisine, religion, social habits, music, art, and architecture.
(ii) The culture of a group of people is reflected in their social behavior and interactions.
(iii) The group identity fostered by social patterns is unique to a group.
(iv) Art and architecture are an integral part of every community.
(v) It develops as a part of culture and tradition of a community.
(vi) Each of the 29 states and 7 Union territories of India has rich traditions and unique ways of artistic expression.

(i) The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface.
(ii) It carry out about 50% of global primary production and support the greatest biodiversity on the Earth.
(iii) They are also one of the largest carbon reservoirs in the Earth system.
(iv) It regulate climate and weather climate.
(v) They vital role in transportation in sea trade.
(vi) Ocean currens are playing a keyrole in climatic control in coastal regions.

Rotation:
(i) It is the spinning movement of the earth on its axis.
(ii) The rotation of the earth causes day and night.
(iii) As the earth is spherical in shape, only one half of it is illuminated by the sun at a time.
(iv) The other half remains dark.
(v) The illuminated portion of the earth experiences day, whereas the darkened part of the earth experiences night.
Revolution:
(i) It is the movement of the earth around the sun on its elliptical path.
(ii) The inclination of the earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun cause different seasons.