Important lines of latitude:
1. North pole 90^o N.
2. Tropic of Capricorn 231/2^o S.
3. Arctic Circle 661/2^o N.
4. Antartic Circle 661/2^o S.
5. Tropic of Cancer 231/2^o N.
6. South Pole 90^o S.
7. Equator 0^o.
Zones of the Earth:
Torrid zone:
(i) It lies 0^o to 231/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall vertically over this region and the average temperature is very high.
Temperate zone:
(i) It lies 231/2^o N to 661/2^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall slantingly. Moderate temperature prevails in this region.
Frigid zone:
(i) It lies 661/2^o N to 90^o North and South latitude.
(ii) The Sun's rays fall further inclined, throughout the year. The temperature is very low.

(i) The Western Chalukya empire ruled most of the western deccan, South India, between the 10^th and 12^th Centuries.
(ii) They were the descendants of Badami chalukyas ruled from kalyani (modern day Basavakalyan)
(iii) In 1973, Tariapa - II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Bijapur region defeated Parmara of Malwa.
(iv) Tailapa - II occupied Kalyani his fimasty quickly grew into an empire under Someswara - I.
(v) Someswara - I moved the capital from Manyakheta to Kalyani.
(vi) For over a century, the western chalukyas and the chola dynasty of Thanjavur, fought many fierce battles to control the fertile region of vengi.
(vii) During the rule of Vikramaditya VI in the late 1le century vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukyas control.
(viii) The Kasi Visweshvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, the Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi represeni well known examples of the architecture of western Chaitrkyas of Kalyani.

(i) Safety ever; Accident never.
(ii) Start early, Drive slowly, Reach safely.
(iii) Be a safety hero; score an accident zero.
(iv) East or west safety is first.

(i) Invention of zero and the consequent evolution of the decimal system were the legacy of Guptas to the modem world.
(ii) Aryabhatta, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta were. foremost astronomers and mathematicians of the time.
(iii) Aryabhatta, in his book Surya Siddhanta, explained the true causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
(iv) He was the first Indian astronomer to declare that the earth revolves around its own axis.
(v) Dhanvantriwas a famous scholar in the field of medicine. He was a specialist in Ayurveda. Charaka was a medical scientist. Susruta was the first Indian to explain the process of surgery.

(i) Prashasti is a Sanskrit word, meaning commendation or 'in praise of'.
(ii) Court poets flattered their kings listing out their achievements.
(iii) These accounts were later engraved on pillars so that the people could read them.

Local bodies play an important role in the development of villages and cities, because there are many services provided by local bodies to the people like drinking water supply, street lighting, Drainage and sewage pipe system, Laying down roads and maintenance, laying public parks, libraries, play grounds, etc. The main work of local bodies is activation of central and state government schemes to the common people.

The religious policy of Kanishka:
(i) Kanishka was an ardent Buddhist.
(ii) Kanishka's empire was a Buddhist empire
(iii) Kanishka adopted Buddhism under the influence of Asvaghosha, a celebrated monk from Pataliputra
(iv) Though a great warrior and an empire builder, Kanishka was as equal as the exponent and champion of Mahayanism
(v) Kanishka made Buddhism as the state religion and built many stupas and monasterie in Mathura, Taxila and many other Parts of his kingdom
(vi) He sent Buddhist missionaries to Tibet, China and many countries of central Asia for the propagation of buddha's gospel
(vii) He organised the fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalavana near Srinagar.

Rulers of Indo - parthians (Pahlavas):
1. Indo-Parthian kingdom or Gondopharid dynasty was founded by Gondophemes.
2. The domain of Indo-Parthians comprised Kabul and Gandhara. The name of Gondophemes is associated with the Christian apostle St.Thomas.
3. According to Christian tradition, St.Thomas visited the court of Gondophemes and converted him to Christianity.

(i) Following the sangam Period, the kalabhra had occupied the Tamil country for about two and half centuries.
(ii) We have very little information about kalabhras. They left neither artefacts nor monuments. But there is evidence of their rule in literary texts.
(iii) The literary sources for this period includes Tamil Navalar charithai, yapernkalam and Peria Puranam.
(iv) Seevaka chinthamani and kundalakesi were also written during this period.
(v) In Tamilzhagam, Jainism and Buddhism became prominent during this period.
(vi) Introduction of sanskrit and Prakrit languages had resulted in the development of a new script called vattezhuththu.
(vii) Many works under Pathinenkeezhkanakku were composed.
(viii) Trade and commerce continued to flourish during this period. So the Kalabhra period is not a dark age as it is portrayed.

Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, the Saint Day, Redentore, Tomatina and Carnival are the important festivals of Europe.

(i) Northern hemisphere
(ii) Southern hemisphere
(iii) Eastern hemisphere 
(iv) Western hemisphere

(i) The Earth which is spherical, is flat at the poles and bulges at the Equator.
(ii) The Earth cannot be compared with any other geometrical shape as it has a very unique shape.
(iii) Hence, its shape is called a geoid.

(i) Thunder is a series of sudden electrical discharge resulting from atmospheric conditions.
(ii) This discharge results in sudden flashes of light and trembling sound waves which are commonly known as thunder and lightning.

(i) House tax
(ii) Professional tax
(iii) Tax on shops
(iv) Water charges
(v) Specific fees for property tax
(vi) Specific fees for transfer of immovable property
(vii) Funds from Central and State Governments, etc.

(i) The services provided can be divided as obligatory functions and discretionary functions.
(ii) These are provided by the local bodies.

(i) The structure of the government institutions and methods the rules and regulations to be followed and the powers and responsibilities.
(ii) It fixes the Rights and Duties and the Directive Principles of the citizens.