Main tools used to prepare soil are as follows:
(i) Plough: This implement is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bulls or other animals. It is used for tilling the soil, adding manure, removing the weeds, scraping of soil etc.
(ii) Hoe: It is a simple tool that is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil.
(iii) Cultivator: Ploughing is done by tractor-driven cultivator. It uses less labour and time.

The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation. Various systems of irrigation are:
(i) Traditional methods: The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by
(a) Moat (Pulley system);
(b) Chain pump
(c) Dhekli and;
(d) Rahat (Lever system)
Pumps are commonly used for lifting water.
(ii) Modern methods:
(a) Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on uneven land. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are jointed to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water flows through main pipes, it gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.
(b) Drip system: In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, garden and trees

The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation. Latest irrigation method help us to use water economically. The main methods used are as follows:
(i) Sprinkler system: This system is more useful on the uneven lands where water is available in smaller quantity. The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on the top, are joined to the main pipe lines at regular intervals. When the water is allowed to flow through the main pipe with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. It is sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining. Sprinkler is very useful for the sandy soil.
(ii) Drip system: In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So it is called drip system. It is the best technique of watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. This system consists of a main pipe to which lateral pipes are joined. The specially prepared nozzles are attached to these lateral pipes. The nozzles are grounded just near the roots of the plants. It provides water to plants drop by drop. Water is not wasted at all. So, it is a boon in regions where availability of water is poor

Various agricultural practices are as follows:
(i) Preparation of soil The first step is preparation of soil. The soil is loosened and turned up. It helps the plants to grow and develop. The process of lossening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. Sometimes manure is added to soil before tilling.
(ii) Sowing After preparation of soil, the second step called sowing takes place. Before sowing good quality seeds are selected. The seeds should be clean and healthy.
(iii) Adding manure and fertilisers Soil supplies minerals and nutrients to the crops. These nutrients are essential for growth of plants. Sometimes these nutrients are lacking, so substances are added to maintain or to replenish the soil. These substances are called manures and fertilisers. Manures and fertilisers are essential to increase the crop production
(iv) Irrigation The process of watering the crop plants is called irrigation. Plants take all the nutrients and minerals in dissolved form. So, water is most essential for germination of seeds, growth and development of plants.
(v) Harvesting After maturation of crop, it is cut off. This process is called harvesting. It is done by a sickle or by a machine called harvester.
(vi) Storage Storage of product is one of the most important tasks. To keep the grains for longer time, it should be safe from moisture, pest, insects and other microorganisms.

Besides the given tools, the other items required for raising a garden are seeds and seedling of vegetables, plants from nursery, kitchen waste, manure, water, soil.
Steps for raising the garden:
(i) Kitchen waste will be collected and composted in a pit.
(ii) A patch of land will be identified for the garden.
(iii) Soil will be dug up and levelled with the help of a spade.
(iv) Sowing of seeds/ transplanting of seedlings will be done.
(v) Select seeds/seedlings as per the season. Water the plants regularly with a water-can
(vi) Compost will be applied.
(vii) Weeds will be removed periodically with the help of khurpi.

(a) Paddy is cultivated in rainy season as it is a kharif crop.
(b) For sowing paddy, seeds are first grown in a nursery and later seedling are transplanted in the field. This allows us to select only healthy and better seedlings for cultivation.
(c) Measures taken to prevent spoilage or damage of harvested crops from insect attack are:
(i) Exposing them in sunlight for drying as freshly harvested crops have moisture.
(ii) Dried neem leaves are added to stored grains, so as to prevent damage from pests.
(iii) Specific chemical treatments are also available for preventing crops.