1. The immediate cause was the introduction of new Enfield rifles in the army
2. The top of the cartridge of this rifle was to be removed by the mouth before loading it in the rifle.
3. The carridge were greased by fat of the pig and the cow.
4. The Indian sepoys believed that the British were deliberately attempting to spoil their religion. So the soldiers were determined to refuse their service and revolted.

i) The new methods and uniform regulations were withdrawn.
ii) The family of Tippu as a precautionary measure was sent to Calcutta.
iii) William Cavendish Bentinck was removed from his service.

1. Marudhu Pandiyar
2. Veerapandiya Kattabomman

1. Velu Nachiyar was the Queen of Sivagangai.
2. After killing her husband Muthu Vaduganathar in the battle. Velu Nachiyar lived under the protection of Gopala Nayakar at Virupachi near Dindigul.
3. She arranged a sucide attack by a faithful follower commander Kuyili.
4. She was crowned us queen with the help of Marudu brothers

1. Palayakkarars wanted more powers to control their provinces.
2. In 1529, the Nayak of Madurai noticed that he could not control the chiftain with the consultation of his minister Ariyanatha, he instituted Palayakkarar system,
3. Pull Thevar. Veerapandya Kattabornman, Velu Nachiyar, Marudu brothers, Deeran Chinnamalai are some prominent Palayakkarars.

i) The Revolt of 1857 marked a turning point in the history of India.
ii) It led to changes in the system of administration and the policy of the government.
iii) The administration of India was transferred from the East India company to the British crown through the 'Queen's proclamation.
iv) The governor general was given the titled of viceroy.
v) The Board of Directors and the Board of control were replaced by the council of 15 members.
vi) The Indian Army was throughly reorgainsed and more Britishers were employed in the Army.

Leaders :
1. No common plan of action
2. No centralised leadership
3. The weapons were not modern and well equipped.
4. Lack of organisation
5. Leaders were not so match to British generals.
Mangal Pande
He was a Loyal young sepoy in the British troop. He shot his sergent for not respecting his country's culture and his loyalty.
Central India
In Central India, the revolt was guided by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmi Bai
1. fought bravely and killed in the battle because of the policy of Doctrine of Lapse of Lord Dalhousie.
2. The leaders of the revolt had no planning and performance.
3. Muslims wanted to re-establish muslim rule.
4. Hindus wanted to establish the influence of Maratha.
5. Every leaders was involved in the revolt for their selfish interest. The British sergent was not respecting the country's culture and his loyalty.
Bahadur Shah - II:
The sepoys declared Bahadur Shah II as a leader for the revolt. But his commander Bahadurkhan led the revolt.
Kampun
The son of last Peshwa Bajirao Nana Sahib became the leader in Kanpur revolt. He drove away the English and declared himself the peshwa.
Lucknow:
The wife of the Nawab of the Awadh. Begam Hasrath Mahal revolted against the English - But she was compelled to hide in Nepal.

1. Lack of organisation, discipline, common plan of action, leadership, modern weapons and techniques.
2. The rebel leaders were no match to the British Generals
3. Rani lakshmi bai, Tanita Tope and Nana Saheb were courageous but they were not good generals,
4. Non participation of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Western Punjab and Rajpufana.
5. The modern educated Indians did not support the revolt as they believed that only British ruled caused reform Indian society and moderize it.
6. The British managed to get the loyalty of the Sikhs, Afghans and Gurkha regiments.
7. The British had better weapons, Better generals and good organisation

1. Dheeran Chinnamalai was a Palayakkarar of konge country who fought the British East India Company
2. The kongu country was formed a part of the Nayak Kingdom of Madurai.
3. But its had been annexed by the Wodayars of Madurai
4. After the fall of the Wodayars, these territories along with Mysore were controlled by the Sultan of Mysore
5. After the Third and fourth Mysore wars the entire kongu region passed in to the hands of the English
6. Dheeran Chinnamalai was trained by French military in modern warfare. He was along the side of Tippu Sultan to fight against British and got Victories.
7. After Tippu Sultan's death, Chinnamalaisettled down and constructed a fort.
8. He sought the help of Marathas and Maruthu Pandiyar to attack the British at coimbatore in 1800
9. British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies and hence Chinnamalai was forced to attack coimbatore on his own. His army was also defeated.
10. Chinnamalai engaged in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battle at Cauvery, Odantlai and Archalur
11. During the final battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook Nallapan and was hanged in Sankagiri fort in 1805.

1. Puli Thevar was the Pioneer in Tamilnadu to protect against the English rule in India.
2. He was the Palayakarar of the Nerkattum seval.
3. During his tenure, he refused to pay the tribute neither to Mohammed Ali the Nawab of Arcot nor to the English
4. So the forces of Nawab of Arcot and the English attacked Polithevar.
5. But the combined forces were defeated by Pulithevar at Tirunelveli.
6. Pulithevar was the first Indian King to have fought and defeated the British in India.
7. After this Victory, Polithevar attempted to form a league of the Palayakkarars to oppose the British and the Nawab
8. In 1759, Nerkattumseval was attacked Pulithevar was defeated at Anthanallur.
9. Pulithevar who lived in exile, captured Netkattumseval in 1764.
10. Later he was defeated by Captain Campell in 1767
11. But his courageous trial of a struggle with stand for independence in the history of South India

Lucknow, Jhansi, Khanpur, Bareily, Bihar, Faizabad and many other places in north India.

i) Mangal Pandey was a young Sepoy of Barrackpur from Bengal Regiment of the 1857 Revolt.
ii) He refused to use the greased catridge, short down his sergeant and was hanged.