(i) The third son of Queen Victoria of Britain, Prince Arthur-the Duke of Connaught, seated on horseback, is depicted in this picture.
(ii) Old advertisements are important because they help us to understand how markets were created for new products at that time, and secondly, how new tastes were popularized among the people.
(iii) The advertisement of Lipton tea created in 1922 suggested that royalty all over the world consumed this tea.

(i) Before the advent of printing press, documents were written by hand, this was time consuming and when the printing press arrived, the speed of work improved.
(ii) Newspapers were published and the issues in them were debated upon by the common people.
(iii) The reformers and leaders were able to convey their ideas to masses in short time.
(iv) Poets and novelists were also able to express their thoughts. Thus, printing presses helped in spreading news and information in a more effective way.

Other than official records, biographies, memoirs, newspapers, autobiographies of prominent persons and records of travelers and pilgrims are other literary sources to know about the past events and history of a society.

James Rennel was asked by Robert Clive to produce maps of Hindustan. Rennel was an enthusiastic supporter of British colonialism. He saw the preparation of maps as essential to the process of domination. Thus, he produced the first map of India in 1782.

We periodise a time in order to characterize it into different periods on the basis of some significant events that have happened during those days. These demarcations of time into different periods in the past is known as 'periodization', which become important for history as they help to reflect our ideas quickly about the happenings and changes from one period to the next.

In the above map, the areas which are under the British rule are-some parts of East UP, Bihar, Bengal, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Madras city, some parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

(i) The report was published in 'The Hindustan Times' of 22 March, 1946.
(ii) This report was about a strike by policemen against the unhealthy food provided by the government.
(iii) The grievance of policemen was that the government did not treat them well and provided unhealthy and inedible food.
(iv)These type of literary sources provide the information about those events and activities that do not find mention in official records. These types of sources inform us about condition of contemporary society and events.

(i) Literary sources prove to be most important in gaining knowledge about past events.
(ii) The Britishers laid the foundation of keeping records of each and every plan, policy, decision, instruction, agreement, and treaty, etc.
(iii) They started preserving important written documents such as letters, memos, etc.
(iv) Record rooms were established across all the important offices in rural as well as urban areas.
(v) Later, archives and museums were established to protect these records and documents so that they could be accessed in the future.

(i) Robert Clive, the General who stood victorious in the Battle of Plassey, had asked James Rennel to produce maps of India.
(ii) James Rennel was a passionate supporter of British rule in India.
(iii) He knew that maps were important for the Britishers to conquer other parts of India and extend their dominion.
(iv) Therefore, he produced several maps for the Britishers, and as a staunch supporter of the British.
(v) He even produced a picture depicting Brahmins offering their sacred texts to Britannia which further proves that he was a supporter of British rule in India.

In the First War of Independence of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was seen as the natural leader. Once the revolt was put down by the British Company, Bahadur Shah Jafar was forced to leave the kingdom and his sons were shot in cold blood.

Three important methods of water conservation are:
(i) To slow down the rate of surface run-off, we must grow plants and vegetation.
(ii) We must promote rainwater harvesting technique to collect the rain water.
(iii) In agriculture, sprinkle or drip irrigation methods must be used.

The artist is trying to convey that the Parliament enables citizens of India to participate in decision making process and controlling the government.

Careful utilization of resources, so that, besides meeting the requirements of the present, they are also conserved for use by the future generation is called sustainable development.

(i) Charter Act : Charter Act 1813 or East India Company Act 1813 was passed by the British Parliament to renew the charter of British East India Company and continue the rule of the same in India.
(ii) Dual Government : Dual Government meant double government under which the executive powers and responsibility for collection of revenue were shared by two different authorities.

(i) No, because they provide the views of people who are in power.
(ii) They are usually biased and provide only an official view of an incident, which cannot be deemed to be right source of information with common man's point of view.

Use of dates in history is a must as dates provide a framework to present a historical event in sequence. Dates help in forming a sequential pattern of an incident under an appropriate timeline of events.

Calligraphists were experts in the art of beautiful handwriting. In the early years of the 19^th century, important documents were carefully copied and beautifully written by the Calligraphists.

During the British rule in India, people never enjoyed equality, freedom or liberty. During this period, Indian economy was exploited and channelized for the development of British economy. In history, this period of British rule has been termed as 'Colonial' by many historians.

(i) In history we can find that whenever one country invaded or conquered another, it brought about some changes in the society in terms of values, customs, and practices.
(ii) These kind of political, economic, social and cultural changes as a result of subjugation of one country by another are termed as 'Colonization' in history.

Yes, some situations where laws (or rules) exist but people do not follow are the following
1. Zebra crossing for road crossing
2. Giving and taking of dowry
3. Employing children under 14 years' age
The problems in enforcement are:
1. Lack of adequate staff
2. Untrained staff
3. Irresponsible citizens
Some ways in which enforcement can be improved:
1. Strict punishments for breaking laws
2. Deployment of adequate number of staff for enforcing the laws.

Enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory for the security of its workers and people living near the factory. It is important for preventing serious disasters like Bhopal gas tragedy from happening

(i) The primary occupation of the Santhals is agriculture, though food gathering and hunting are their important subsidiary occupations. They also engage in fishing and making musical instruments, mats, and baskets from plants.
(ii) The Santhals were unhappy due to the following reasons:
(a) Under the British rule, the familiar ways of life of the Santhals seemed to be disappearing. There was greater mobility of the non-tribals in the tribal community.
(b) Under British rule, a number of Anglican and Catholic missions appeared, which were considered as a threat to their religion.
(c) The moneylenders and the zamindars that first appeared to them as mere businessmen gave them loans, cheated them and turned them into slaves; thus, they threatened their livelihoods

(i) Baigas are one of the tribes found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states of India. The Baigas had to pay numerous taxes such as cattle tax, forest tax and land tax, for which they had to sell their cattle. They were not able to fulfil their daily needs. Thus, they found it difficult to live under the English.
(ii) They formerly practised only shifting agriculture in forest areas. Majority of them have now become regular cultivators. They make bamboo mats and baskets which they sell in the weekly markets in villages. They also collect and sell honey and other forest products. They are experts at all such work that can be done with an axe.