1. The Chola period was the most brilliant and creative period in the Tamil literature,
2. Tamil education enjoyed a greater connection with religion and temple.
3. Free education was given to people.
4. The curriculam and syllabi had a theoretical background.
5. From the inscription of that period, we can now gain knowledge about the qualification of teacher, method of teaching, salary of teachers, food provided to the students and the land given to the schools, etc.
6. Rajaraja Chaturvedimangalam was the famous seat of a Vedic college.
7. At Tirubuvanaia Vedic college flourished,
8. The Tiruvidaikkalai inscription mentions a library.
9. Tiruvaduthural inscription of Virarajendra refers to a medical school

1. The first National Education policy of 1968 marked a significant step in the history of education in post-independent India
2. In 1986, the Government of India introduced a New Education Policy
3. The aim of New Education Policy was to transfer a static society into vibrant one with a commitment to development and change.
4. It emphasised on equal opportunities for marginalised sections of the country and the removal of disparity though scholarships, adult education and open universities, especially for rural India.
5. The New Education Policy called for a child-centred approach in primary education and launched Operation Blackboard to improve primary schools nationwide
6. This policy was revised again in 1992.

Histroy of Education in British rule can be divided into four periods.
I. from the early days of British rule upto 1813
II. period from 1813-1853
III. period from 1854 - 1920 and
IV period from 1921 - 1947
I. From the early days of British rule upto 1813
1. During its early days, the East India Company followed a policy of indifference and non interference towards education.
2. The Company's charter was renewed in 1813, which compelled the company to assume responsibility for the education of Indian though on a very limited scale.
3.Besides missionaries, non-missionaries like Raja Ram Mohan Roy of Bengal, Pachyappar of Madras W. Fraxer of Delhi contributed to the cause of education,
II. Period from 1813 - 1853
1. The second period was also marked by great educational controversies concerning the issues of educational policy, medium of instrution and method of spreading education.
2. These controversies were partially set at rest by Macaulay's Minutes of 1835
3. Higher Eduation was de-orientalised, encouraging English education for the upper classes.
III. Period from 1854-1920
1. The Third phase of British - influenced education may be called the period of an All India Educational policy.
2. It commenced with Charles Wood's Despatch in 1854.
3. It was the first declaration of British Education policy for educating the masses at all levels
IV. Period from 1921 - 1947
1. The fourth phase may be called the period of provincial autonomy.
2. After the second World War, a very important plan for educational development, known as the Sergeant Report (1944) was prepared.
3. This blueprint had a powerful influence on contemporary education, both in thought as well as in practice.

1. The historical sources provide the information that from very early times, the tradition of teaching and learning had been vogue in India
2. The concept of Education might have originated from the Vedas.
3. The writings of Panini. Aryabhata, Katyayana and Patanjali and the medical treatises of Charaka and Sushruta were also some of the sources of learning.
4. Indigenous Education was imparted at home, in temples, patashalas and gurukulas.
5. Temples played a vital role in imparting education and served the centres of learning
6. Students went to viharas and universities for higher studies.
7. The Gurukula was also the place where the relationship between guru and student strengthened with time.
8. The lataka tales, accounts given by Hiuen Tsang and I - Tsing and other sources tell us that kings and society took an active interest in promoting education

i) While driving keep to the left and allow vehicles to pass from the opposite direction.
ii) A very important thing to keep in mind is to become cautious and slow down on the bends.
iii) Make it a habit of strapping the helmet before mounting the bikes.
iv) The speed limit is related to the traffic condition of the area. So maintain speed limit.
v) Use parking lights and caution triangle while attending breakdown.
vi) Road signs are mostly pictorial so it is not hard to comprehend.
vii) Never ever drive when drunk, never use cell phone while driving, avoid listening to too loud music and remain calm while driving and never yell or shout at pedestrian or other drivers.

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has taken a number of steps to prevent road accidents and road accident fatalities. These include
i) A multi pronged strategy : It has been adopted based on four Es - Engineering, Enforcement. Education and Emergency care for ensuring road safety.
ii) Improving vehicular safety standards: Trucks are prohibited from carrying protruding roads. Anti - Locking Brake System (ABS) has been made mandatory on heavy vehicles.
iii) Pilot projects for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims : This project has already done in the stretch of NH 8 and NH 33. Now it is proposed to implement this scheme along the Golden Quadrilateral, North South and East West corridors.
iv) Quick response ambulances are parked in every 50 kms on the National Highways by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
v) Speed Governors: This device has a series of sensors that can detect how fast a vehicle is going and if this crosses the limit set by it, it restricts the flow of air and fuel to the engine
vi) Variable Message Signs: These can be used to update road users the traffic conditions in case of major breakdowns, congestions and so on.

Over Speeding  : Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during an accident
Drunken Driving : Consumption of alcohol reduces concentration. It hampers vision due to dizziness.
Distraction to Drivers : The Major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phones while driving. The act of talking on phone occupies a major portion of the brain's function and the smaller part handles the driving skills. Some other distractions are inattentive or lost in thought (daydreaming), adjusting mirrors while driving, stereo in vehicle, animals on road, banners and billboards, etc.
Red Light Jumping  : The main motive behind red light jumping is saving time.
Avoiding Safety Gears : Use of seat belt in four wheelers and helmets for two wheelers have been brought under law. These two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents.

Right to Education Act  - Article 21A provides that the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years.
The Child Labour Act - It provides no child who has not completed 15 years of age can be employed.
The Juvenile Justice Act 2000   - This Act tries to protect children deprived of adequate care and to reform the children by adopting child friendly approach.
POCSO Act 2012 - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act regards the best interest of the child as being paramount importance in every state.

i) Secularism is the part of Indian constitution.
ii) The makers of the Indian constitution were aware that a strong and united nation could be built only when all sections of people had the freedom to practice their religion.
iii) Secularism was accepted as one of the fundamental tenets for the development of democracy in India.
iv) The basic aim of our constitution is to promote unity and integrity of the nation along with individual dignity
v) There is no state religion in India.
vi) Secularism in education means making public education free from any religious dominance.

i) To remove narrow mindedness and make dynamic and enlightened view.
ii) To develop moral and humanistic outlook.
iii) To train the youth to be good citizen.
iv) To strengthen democratic values like liberty, equality and fraternity and co-operative living
v) To give wider vision towards life.
vi) To develop an attitude of appreciation and understanding of others point of view.
vii) To develop the spirit of love, tolerance, co-operation, equality and sympathy.
viii) To synthesise materialism and spiritualism.

1. The year 1991 ushered a new era of the economic liberalization.
2. India took major decision to improve the performance of the industrial sector.
3. The Tenth and Eleventh five year plans witnessed a high growth rate of industrial production.
4. The abolition of Industrial licensing, dismantling of price controls, dilution of reservation of small scale industries.
5. Virtual abolition of monopoly law enabled Indian industry to flourish,
6. The new policy welcomes foreign investments.

Plantation industries : 
1. The plantation industry was the first to attract the Europeans. This provide jobs on large scale. 
2. In reality, it could meet the increasing demands for tea, coffee and indigo by the British Society. 
3. The Assam Tea Company was founded in 1839. 
4. Coffee plantation also started simultaneously. 
5. As the tea plantation was the most important industry of Eastern India, coffee plantation became the center of activities in South India.
6. The Third important plantation, which gave birth to factory was jute.
7. All these Industries were controlled by many former employees of the British East India Company.

1. All the policies implemented by the British government in India had a deep impact on India’s indigenous industries.
2. Free trade policy followed by the East India Company compelled the Indian traders to sell their goods below the market prices.
3. This forced many craftsmen to abandon their ancestral handicraft talents.
4. East India company’s aim was to buy the maximum quantity of Indian manufactured goods at the cheapest price and sell them to other European countries for a huge profit.
5. This affected the traditional Indian industry.
6. The British followed the policy of protective tariffs that was much against the trading interests of India. 
7. Heavy duties were charged on Indian goods in Britain, but at the same time, the English goods entering India were charged only nominal duties.

i) Tokyo - (Japan)
ii) Delhi - (India)
iii) Shanghai - (China)
iv) Mexico City  - (Mexico)

Urbanisation refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

i) Employment
ii) To improve their financial status.