(i) The early computers were extremely expensive and large, requiring a lot of space.
(ii) The invention of a small electronic device called chip or IC, changed the shape, size, and capabilities of the computers.
(iii) The development of chip led to the availability of small, powerful and affordable computers and related equipments, which became a key reason for the growth of IT industry.

In this chapter, this term is used to refer to a cultural context, in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of the dominant community.

(i) The British policies of annexation led the displacement of a large number of rulers, specially the Doctrine of Lapse made the ruling section of society angry.
(ii) The annexation of Awadh on the ground of misgovernment was greatly resented.
(iii) The British provided no alternative sources of employment to the people who lost their job due to collapse of their local ruler's administration

The government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide. It is a crime to practise infanticide and the government will not allow it even if some religion endorses it. The Constitution provides Right to Freedom in addition to the Right to Freedom of Religion. The infant's right to life will be violated if infanticide is practised. Therefore the government will not allow it.

This landslide was triggered by intense blasting at Pangi village. It was a human factor which was responsible for this major landslide.

Dalits are allowed to sit on the veranda outside the classroom and listen to the lessons without polluting the classrooms. Some people thought this situation is better than the total lack of education for untouchables. I do not agree with this view.
The Right to Education is reflected in international law in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The fulfilment of the Right to Education can be assessed using the 4 As frame work which are Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Adaptibility. According to Accessibility, all children should have equal access to school services regardless of gender, race, religion, ethnicity or socio-economic status.
Thus, it is not right to allow the untouchable to sit on the veranda outside the classroom. They must fight for their own right.

My feelings would be of disappointment and anger. 
I would train an army and fight with the British for my right. After defeating the British, I would capture the throne vacated by my uncle after his death. I would join with the other leaders who also opposed the Doctrine of Lapse.

(i) The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court.
(ii) The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.
(iii) The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
(iv) If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence.
(v) He may send the person to jailor impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes.

There are cases of success in government's water departments. The water supply department in Mumbai raises enough money through water charges to cover its expenses on supplying water. In Hyderabad, the department has increased coverage and improved performance in revenue collection. In Chennai, the department has started harvesting the rainwater. It has handed over the services of transporting and distributing water to private companies on government rates.

(i) It has been observed that representative democracy cannot produce a perfect reflection of the society.
(ii) There is a realisation that when interests and experiences separate, then it is important to ensure that communities that have been historically marginalized, are given adequate representation.
(iii) Similarly, it has more recently been suggested that there should be reservation of seats for women.
(iv) With this in mind, some seats are reserved in the Parliament for SCs and STs. This has been done so that the MPs elected from these constituencies will be familiar with and can represent Dalit and Adivasi interests in Parliament

(i) East India Company appointed a number of government pandits, each incharge of looking after four to five schools.
(ii) The task of the pandit was to visit the pathshalas and try and improve the standard of teaching.
(iii) Each guru was asked to submit periodic reports and take classes according to a regular timetable.
(iv)Teaching was now based on textbooks and learning was tested through annual examination.
(v) Students were asked to pay regular fees, attend regular classes, sit on fixed seats and obey the new rules of discipline.
(vi) Pathshalas which accepted the new rules were supported through government grants. Those who were unwilling to work within the new system, received no government support.

A machine by which a single worker could operate several spindles on towhich thread was spun. When the wheel was turned, all the spindles rotated.

The revolutionaries were a small group of people who suggested that the use of violence to make a radical change within the society would be necessary to overthrow the British rule.

A parliamentary form is a system of government where Parliament is supreme and the Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament. The head of the state has nominal powers.

India has eight industrial regions and they are:
(i) Mumbai-Pune Region: It extends from Thane to Pune and the adjoining districts of Nasik and Sholapur.
(ii) Hugli Region: It extends from Bansbaria in the north to Birlanagar in the south.
(iii) Bangalore- Tamil Nadu Region: It extends from Banglore to all parts of Tamil Nadu except Villupuram.
(iv) Gujarat Region: It lies between Ahmedabad and Vadodara in the south to Jamnagar in the west.
(v) Chhotanagpur Region: It extends over Jharkhand, northern Odisha and western West Bengal.
(vi) Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region: It extends from Vishakhapatnam district to Kurnool and Prakasam district in the south.
(vii) Gurgaon-Delhi-Merrut Region: It includes Gurgaon, Delhi, Shahadara, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Modinagar, Ambala, Agra and Mathura.
(viii) Kollam- Thiruvananthapuram Region: It is spread over Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, Ernakulam, and Alappuzha districts.

(i) Slag heaps are large mounds of waste material left after smelting of iron.
(ii) Various factors led to the decline of iron smelting by the late 19th century :
(a) People were denied access to the forests by the colonial government under the new forest laws.
(b) In areas where the access was granted, the iron smelters had to pay high taxes to the forest department for every furnace they used.
(c) Import of iron and steel from Britain increased, which lowered the demand for the iron produced by local smelters.

Power resources can be classified as :
1. Conventional Resources: Include power resources that are common in use for long time. For example, Firewood, Hydel Power, Coal. 
2. Non-Conventional Resources : Include those resources that are not so common in use, but can be used as alternate resources. For example, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Geothermal Energy.