The Muslim league had moved a resolution demanding "Independent states" for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country.
(i) The resolution did not mention partition or creation of Pakistan.
(ii) From the late 1930, the league began viewing the Muslims as a separate' nation' from the Hindus.
(iii) The development of this notion may have been influenced by the history of tension between some Hindu and Muslim groups in the 1920sand 1930s.
(iv) More importantly, the provincial elections of 1937 seemed to have convinced the league that Muslims were a minority and they would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure. It feared that Muslims may even go unrepresented.
(v)The Congress's rejection of the league's desire to form a joint congress - league government in the United Provinces in 1937,also annoyed the league.

Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of movements against the British in the middle of the Second World War.
 (i) He told them that the British must quit India immediately. He urged the people "do or die in your effort to fight against the British-but you must fight non-violently".
(ii) Gandhi and other leaders were jailed at once when the movement spread.
(iii) It specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up their studies to join it.
(iv) Communications and symbols of state authority were attacked on, all over the country.
(v) In many areas, people set up their own governments

(i) Mahatma Gandhi is driving the Krishna's chariot.
(ii) Jawahar Lal Nehru is holding the flag.

(i) Demonstrators oppose the Simon Commission in the above picture.
(ii) Simon Go Back is written on,the demonstrators banner.

(i) QuitIndia Movement is shown in the above picture.
(ii) This movement was started in August, 1942.
(iii) Demonstrators clashed with the police everywhere, Many thousands were arrested, over a thousand killed, many more were injured.

Certain circumstances made Gandhiji to emerge as a mass leader are as follows:
(i) Gandhiji arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa where he led Indians in non- violent marches against racialism. He was already internationally respected figure.
(ii) His struggle in South Africa had brought him in contact with various types of Indians Hindus, Muslims, Parsis and Christians, Gujarati's, Tamils, north Indians,
upper-class merchants, lawyers and workers.
(iii) He spent 1915-16 in India travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation.
(iv) Initially, he took part in local movements in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad. During this time he came into contact with Rajendra Prasad and Vailabhbhai Patel.
(v) In 1918, Gandhiji led a successful millworker's strike in Ahmedabad.

Mahatma Gandhi and other prominent leaders of the Freedom Movement thought that it was sinful to tax salt because it is an essential item of our food. In 1930, Gandhiji decided to break this law. Gandhiji felt that his Salt March would become popular and would represent the general desire of freedom from a specific injustice. Gandhiji and his followers marched for over 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi where they broke the law by making salt from sea water. Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because:
(i) All classes could identify with salt as it was an essential food item.
(ii) Monopoly over manufacturing and selling salt was a sign of oppression of the British.
(iii) Breaking the law would affect British economy.

Gandhiji had no faith in bloodshed or violence,and he led the national movement on the basis of non violence. Gandhiji instilled a new spirit of thinking in the Indian politics and inspired the people to oppose injustice. The Satyagraha movement was organized in our locality, namely, in Rajamandi. Our locality have few houses from which we chose our leader Hari Bhai who properly guided us in what way the movement would be organised. Many people including women, young boys/girls, children participated in it, making it successful in exhibiting our unity.
Some of its directives were:
(i)To spin the charkha.
(ii) To remove untouchability.
(iii)Picketing outside alcohol shops.
(iv) Burning of foreign cloth.
(v) Equality between Hindus and Muslims.
(vi) Equality towards the women.
The movement gained momentum as hundreds of people joined it, there were several processions, liquor shops were closed, huge bonfire of foreign cloth was burnt, many people were put in jail which boosted the courage of Satyagrahis, who achieved their goal of non-cooperation with the Britishers.

The developments leading to the creation of Pakistan are as follows:
(i)A two-nation theory: From the late 1930s, the Muslim League began viewing the Muslims as a separate "nation" from the Hindus.
(ii) Provincial elections of 1937: The provincial elections of 1937convinced the League that Muslims were a minority, and they would always have to play second fiddle in any democratic structure. It feared that Muslims may even go unrepresented.
(iii) Rift between Congress and Muslim League: In 1937, the Congress rejected-the Muslim League's proposal for a joint Congress-League government in the United Provinces. This annoyed the League.
(iv) Wide mass support base for Muslim League: In the 1930s, the Congress failed to mobilise the Muslim masses. This allowed the Muslim League to widen its social support. It sought to expand its support in the early 1940s,when most Congress leaders were in jail.
(v) Failure of talks: At the end of the Second World War in 1945, the British opened negotiations between the Congress, the League and themselves for the independence of India. However, the talks failed as the League saw itself as the sole spokesperson of Indian Muslims, and the Congress could not accept this claim since a large number of Muslims still supported it.
(vi) Provincial elections of 1946: Elections to the provinces were again held in 1946. The Congress did well in the "General" constituencies but the League's success in the seats reserved for Muslims was spectacular. This led to increased demand for a separate nation for Muslims.
(vii) Failure of talks again: In March 1946, the British cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi to examine this demand and to suggest a suitable political framework for a free India. This mission suggested that India should remain united and constitute itself as a loose confederation with some autonomy for Muslim-majority areas. But it could not get the Congress and the Muslim League to agree to specific details of the proposal. Partition was now more or less inevitable.
(viii) Mass agitation and riots: After the failure of the Cabinet Mission, the Muslim League decided on mass agitation for winning its "Pakistan" demand. It announced on 16^th August 1946 as "Direct Action Day". On this day, riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and resulting in the death of thousands of people. By March 1947, violence had spread to different parts of Northern India.
(ix) Partition: Finally, the demand for the partition of India was sanctioned, and "Pakistan" was born.