The Indian iron smelting industry declined in the 19th century due to:
(i) Strict implementation of forest laws The British colonial administration prevented the free movement of people into reserved forests with these laws. Charcoal, an essential ingredient in the iron smelting process, which was made by burning wood, thus could not be obtained easily.
(ii) High taxes on running furnaces In some areas where the British allowed access to forests, iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income.
(iii) Imports from Britain By the late 19th century, iron and steel were being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This reduced the demand for iron produced by local smelters.
(iv) Famines In the late 19th century, a series of famines devastated some parts of India where smelters worked. Thus they migrated looking for some other livelihood to survive.

The development of cotton industries in Britain affected textile producers in India due to the following factors:
(i) Competition in Foreign Markets By the beginning of the 19th century, English-made cotton textiles ousted Indian textiles from their traditional markets in Europe, Africa and America. This threw thousands of Indian weavers out of employment.
(ii) High Import Duties/Ban on Imports Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult due to the very high duties imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain.
(iii) Capture of the Indian Market By the 1830s, British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. By the 1880s, two-thirds of all cotton clothes worn by Indians were made of cloth produced in Britain.

(i) Patola weave of the mid-19th century is shown in the above picture.
(ii) Patola was woven in Surat, Ahmedabad, and Patan.
(iii) Parola was highly valued in Indonesia, it became part of the local weaving tradition there.

A machine by which a single worker could operate several spindles on towhich thread was spun. When the wheel was turned, all the spindles rotated.

Patola and Jamdani were the famous weaves. patola was  woven in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patna. jamdani had its origin in Dacca (Bengal) and Lucknow (United Provinces).

(i) When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in South - West India.
(ii) The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called as "calico" (derived from Calicut), and subsequently, calico became the general name for all cotton textiles.
(iii) By the early 18th century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, wool and silk makers in England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles.
(iv) In 1720, the British government enacted a legislation banning the use of printed cotton textiles chintz - in England. This Act was known as the CalicoAct