i) Rajaram Mohan Roy
ii) Rabindranath Tagore
iii) B.R. Ambedkar
iv) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and
v) Mahatma Gandhi

The drought could be classified into three major types.
1. Meteorological drought
2. Hydrological drought
3. Agricultural drought

The waste that may or tend to cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem and human beings are called hazardous wastes
Ex. Pesticides, waste oil, nuclear power plants.

i) Hazard is defined as a thing, person, event or factor that poses a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.
ii) It could be either human-made or naturally occuring in the environment.

i) Natural population growth
ii) Rural to urban migration and the reclassification of rural areas into urban areas.

The process of disruption of traditional Indian crafts and decline in national income has been referred to as de - industrialisation.

The invention of cottongin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny and steam engine in England, made the production of textiles on large scale.

Textiles, woodwork, ivory, stone cutting, leather, fragrance wood, metal work and jewellery are the traditional handicrafts industries in India.

SSA - The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
RMSA - The Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.

1. Taxila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in north-western Pakistan.
2. It is an important archaeological site and the UNESCO declared it as a world heritage site in 1980
3. Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham discovered its ruins in the mid-19^th century.

The word money is derived from the Roman word "Moneta Juno".

i) Fundamental Rights.
ii) Right to vote in the election to the Lok Sabha and the state legislature.
iii) Right to hold certain public offices.
iv) Right to become a member of parliament and state legislature.

i) The leader of the majorty in the State Assembly Election is selected as the Chief Minister by the members of the Legislative Assembly,
ii) The Chief Minister selects the Ministers from the members of the legislative Assembly.
iii) The Selected Ministers are called the Council of Ministers.

i) A person has to be atleast 25 years old to enrol for election to the Legislative Assembly
ii) The person must be a citizen of India.

i) The new methods and uniform regulations were withdrawn.
ii) The family of Tippu as a precautionary measure was sent to Calcutta.
iii) William Cavendish Bentinck was removed from his service.

1. Marudhu Pandiyar
2. Veerapandiya Kattabomman

1. Palayakkarars wanted more powers to control their provinces.
2. In 1529, the Nayak of Madurai noticed that he could not control the chiftain with the consultation of his minister Ariyanatha, he instituted Palayakkarar system,
3. Pull Thevar. Veerapandya Kattabornman, Velu Nachiyar, Marudu brothers, Deeran Chinnamalai are some prominent Palayakkarars.

1. The European planters of Champaran in Bihar resorted to illegal and inhuman methods of indigo cultivation at a cost which was wholly unjust.
2. Mahatma Gandhi took up their cause. The Government appointed an enquiry commission of which Mahatma Gandhi was a member
3. The grievances of the peasants were enquired and ultimately the Champaran Agrarian Act was passed in May 1918.

i) The Lambardar misused privileges for their self-interest.
ii) This system brought no benefit to the cultivators.
iii) It was a modified version of the Zamindari system and benefited the upper class in villages.

1. The Zamindars were recognised as the owners of land as long as they paid the revenue to the East India Company regularly.
2. The Zamindars acted as the agent of the Government for the collection of revenue from the cultivators.

1. The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and Peshwaship was abolished. Most of the territory of Peshwa Baji Rao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency.
2. The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British.
3. BajiRao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha was given an annual pension of 8 lakh rupees

1. Mir Jafar ascended the throne after the Battle of Plassey and failed to accept the demand of British
2. Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal however fell into arrears and was forced to abdicate in favour of his son in law, Mir Qasim.
3. Mir Qasim soon revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing the destakes (free duty passes).
4. However, having been defeated by the British, he fled to Awadh, where he formed a confederacy with Shuja-ud-daulah and ShahAlam.

1. There was a small dungeon room in the Fort William in Calcutta, where troops of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daulah, held 146 British Prisoners of war for one night.
2. Next day morning, when the door was opened 123 of the prisoners were found dead because of suffocation.

1. Pulicat
2. Surat
3. Chinsura
4. Kasim bazar
5. Patna
6. Nagapatnam
7. Balasore
8. Cochin

1. Coins are a good source to know about administrative history.
2. The first coinage in modern india under the crown was issued in 1862.
3. Edward VII ascended after Queen Victoria and the coins issued by him bore his model.
4. The Reserve Bank of India was formally set up in 1935 and was empowered to issue Government of India notes.
5. The first paper currency issued by RBI in January 1938 was 5 rupee notes bearing the portrait of King George VI.