Plantation industries : 
1. The plantation industry was the first to attract the Europeans. This provide jobs on large scale. 
2. In reality, it could meet the increasing demands for tea, coffee and indigo by the British Society. 
3. The Assam Tea Company was founded in 1839. 
4. Coffee plantation also started simultaneously. 
5. As the tea plantation was the most important industry of Eastern India, coffee plantation became the center of activities in South India.
6. The Third important plantation, which gave birth to factory was jute.
7. All these Industries were controlled by many former employees of the British East India Company.

1. Dual economy.
2. Tax evasion, thereby loss of revenue to the government.
3. Undermining equity.
4. Widening the gap between the rich and poor.
5. Lavish consumption spending.
6. Distribution of scarce resources.

i) The State Legislative Assembly will have a meeting two or three times in a year,
ii) Each member of the Legislative Assembly must attend the Assembly meeting.
iii) The main duty of the State Legislative Assembly is to make laws for the state.
iv) The State Legislative Assembly makes the laws on State list and the concurrent list for the central
v) The Assembly has control over the State Council of Ministers.
vi) The State Council of Ministers are responsible or answerable to the Assembly for its activities.
vii) The Assembly may pass to confidere motion against the Council of Ministers and bring its down fall if the Assembly is not satisfied with the performance of the Council of Ministers.
viii) The Legislative Assembly has control over the finance of the State.
ix) The State Government can not impose, increase, lower or withdraw any tax without the approval of the Assembly
x) The elected members of the Legislative Assembly can take part in the election of the President of India and the election of the members of the Rajya Sabha.

1. Lack of organisation, discipline, common plan of action, leadership, modern weapons and techniques.
2. The rebel leaders were no match to the British Generals
3. Rani lakshmi bai, Tanita Tope and Nana Saheb were courageous but they were not good generals,
4. Non participation of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Western Punjab and Rajpufana.
5. The modern educated Indians did not support the revolt as they believed that only British ruled caused reform Indian society and moderize it.
6. The British managed to get the loyalty of the Sikhs, Afghans and Gurkha regiments.
7. The British had better weapons, Better generals and good organisation

1. Dheeran Chinnamalai was a Palayakkarar of konge country who fought the British East India Company
2. The kongu country was formed a part of the Nayak Kingdom of Madurai.
3. But its had been annexed by the Wodayars of Madurai
4. After the fall of the Wodayars, these territories along with Mysore were controlled by the Sultan of Mysore
5. After the Third and fourth Mysore wars the entire kongu region passed in to the hands of the English
6. Dheeran Chinnamalai was trained by French military in modern warfare. He was along the side of Tippu Sultan to fight against British and got Victories.
7. After Tippu Sultan's death, Chinnamalaisettled down and constructed a fort.
8. He sought the help of Marathas and Maruthu Pandiyar to attack the British at coimbatore in 1800
9. British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies and hence Chinnamalai was forced to attack coimbatore on his own. His army was also defeated.
10. Chinnamalai engaged in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battle at Cauvery, Odantlai and Archalur
11. During the final battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook Nallapan and was hanged in Sankagiri fort in 1805.

Cause:
The Muslim Moplah (or Moplah) peasants of Malabar (Kerala) was suppressed and exploited by the Hindu zamindars (Jenmis) and British government. This was the main cause of this revolt.
Malabar conference:
The Moplah peasants got momentum from the Malabar District Conference, held in April 1920. This conference supported the tenants cause, and demanded legislations for regulating landlord-tenant relations.
Rebellion:
In 1921, the Moplah tenants rebelled against the oppressive zamindars. In the initial phase of the rebellion, the Moplah peasants attacked the police stations, public offices, communications and houses of oppressive landlords and moneylenders.
Impacts:
The government ruthlessly suppressed the Moplah rebellion. As a result of government intervention, 2337 Moplah rebels were killed. 1650 were wounded and more than 45,000 captured as prisoners.

Merits:
i) Many of the waste lands and forests became cultivable lands permanent settlement system.
ii) The Zamindars became the owners of the land.
iii) The Zamindars were made free from the responsibility of providing justice.
iv) The Zamindars remained faithful to the British Government.
v) This system secured a fixed and stable income for the British Government.
Demerits:
i) The British Government had no direct contact with the cultivators.
ii) The rights of the cultivators were ignored and they were left at the mercy of the Zamindars.
iii) The Peasants were almost treated as selfs.
iv) This system was made the Zamindars lethargic and luxurious.
v) Many conflicts between the Zamindars and the Peasants arose in rural Bengal.

1. Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief architects of the British Empire in India. He was an imperialist. He adopted a new policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to extend British Empire
2. He made use of this precedent and declared in 1848 that if the native rulers adopted children without the prior permission of the Company, only the personal properties of the rulers would go to the adopted sons and the kingdom would go to the British paramount power.
3. It was bitterly opposed by the Indians. It was one of the root causes for the Great Revolt of 1857

1. The main cause of this war was the issue of succession in Carnatic and Hyderabad.
2. Anwaruddin Khan and Chanda Sahib were the two claimants to the throne of Carnatic, whereas Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang were claimants to the throne of Hyderabad.
3. The French supported Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang, while the British supported the other claimants with the objective of keeping their interest and influence in the entire Deccan region.
Wars: Battle of Ambur (1749)
1. Dupleix, Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang formed a grand alliance and defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din Khan, the Nawab of Carnatic, on 3 August 1749 in the Battle of Ambur.
2. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic and rewarded the French with the grant of 80 villages around Pondicherry.
3. In the Deccan, too, the French defeated and killed Nasir Jang and made Muzaffar Jang as the Nizam. The French received the Northern Circar.
Battle of Arcot (1751):
1. Dupleix sent forces to besiege the Fort of Trichy where Muhammad Ali had taken shelter in 1751.
2. Chanda Sahib also joined the French, Robert Clive attacked Arent and defeated the French at Arni and Kaveripak.
3. Muhammad Ali was made the Nawab of Arcot under British protection.
Treaty of Pondicerry:
1. According to it, both the powers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the native states.
2. They were to retain their old positions. New forts should not be built by either power.
3. The treaty made the British stronger. The French were still very powerful in Hyderabad.
4. However the predominant position of the French in the Deccan peninsula was definitely undermined in this war.

Vasco da Gama:
(i) Vasco da Gama came to India in 1501 with 20 ships and founded a trading centre at Cannanore.
(ii) Then he established factories at Calicut and Cochin
Francisco de Almeida:
(i) In 1505, Francisco de Almeida was the first Governor for the Portuguese possessions in India.
(ii) He had the aim of developing the naval power of the Portuguese in India.
(iii) He followed the policy was known as the "Blue Water Policy".
(iv) He defeated the combined Muslim fleet in a naval battle near Diu.
Alfonso de Albuquerque:
(i) The real founder of the Portuguese power in India was Alfonso de Albuquerque.
(ii) He captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in November 1510.
(iii) He established the Portuguese authority over Ormuz in Persian Gulf in 1515.
Nino de Cunha:
(i) Nino de Cunha moved capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530. In 1534, he acquired Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
(ii) In 1537, he occupied Diu. Later, they wrested Daman from the local chiefs of Gujarat.
(iii) In 1548, they occupied Salsette.
(iv) Thus during the 16th century, Portuguese succeeded in capturing Goa, Daman, Diu, Salsette, Bassein, Chaul and Bombay on the western coast.
(v) He succeeded in acquiring Hooghly on the Bengal coast and San Thome on the Madras coast.

i) Tokyo - (Japan)
ii) Delhi - (India)
iii) Shanghai - (China)
iv) Mexico City  - (Mexico)

i) Employment
ii) To improve their financial status.

Savings:
The part of consumer's disposable income which is not used for current consumption.
Investment:
The process of investing to various investment vehicles

i) The value of money is meant for purchasing power of money over goods and services.
ii) It is related to the price Level of goods and services. But the relation between the value of money and price level is an inverse one.

E-Banking: Electronic Banking is simply the use of transferring funds directly from one account to another rather than by cheque or cash.
This is also known as National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT).
E-Money: Electronic money is a money which exists in Banking computer system and is available for transaction through electronic system.

i) Acquiring citizenship by birth.
ii) Acquiring citizenship by descent.
iii) Acquiring citizenship by Registration.
iv) Acquiring citizenship by Naturalisation.
v) Acquiring citizenship by incorporation of Territory

i) Surface run off is the portion of rainfall, which enters the stream immediately after the rainfall.
ii) It occurs when the rainfall is longer, heavier and exceeds the rate of infiltration.
iii) In this condition the excess water makes a head over the ground surface, which tends to move from one place to another following land gradient and is known as overland flow.
iv) When the overland flow joins the streams, channels or oceans, it is termed as surface runoff or surface flow.

(i) Hydrological cycle is a global sun. driven process where water is transported from oceans to atmosphere, from atmosphere to land and from land back to oceans.
(ii) The water cycle can be considered as a closed system for the earth, as the quantity of water involved in the cycle is invariable.

Soils are classified on the basis of their formation colour, physical and chemical properties. Soil is classified into six major types. They are
1. Alluvial soil
2. Black soil
3. Red soil
4. Laterite soil
5. Mountain soil
6. Desert soil

1. The basic components of soil are mineral, organic matter, water and air.
2. It consists of about 45% mineral, 5% organic matter, 25% of water and 25% of air.
3. It is only a generalized fact.
4. The composition of soil varies from place to place and time time.

Histroy of Education in British rule can be divided into four periods.
I. from the early days of British rule upto 1813
II. period from 1813-1853
III. period from 1854 - 1920 and
IV period from 1921 - 1947
I. From the early days of British rule upto 1813
1. During its early days, the East India Company followed a policy of indifference and non interference towards education.
2. The Company's charter was renewed in 1813, which compelled the company to assume responsibility for the education of Indian though on a very limited scale.
3.Besides missionaries, non-missionaries like Raja Ram Mohan Roy of Bengal, Pachyappar of Madras W. Fraxer of Delhi contributed to the cause of education,
II. Period from 1813 - 1853
1. The second period was also marked by great educational controversies concerning the issues of educational policy, medium of instrution and method of spreading education.
2. These controversies were partially set at rest by Macaulay's Minutes of 1835
3. Higher Eduation was de-orientalised, encouraging English education for the upper classes.
III. Period from 1854-1920
1. The Third phase of British - influenced education may be called the period of an All India Educational policy.
2. It commenced with Charles Wood's Despatch in 1854.
3. It was the first declaration of British Education policy for educating the masses at all levels
IV. Period from 1921 - 1947
1. The fourth phase may be called the period of provincial autonomy.
2. After the second World War, a very important plan for educational development, known as the Sergeant Report (1944) was prepared.
3. This blueprint had a powerful influence on contemporary education, both in thought as well as in practice.

i) Isolines are those which join the places of equal values.
ii) Isolines are given different names based on the weather element they represent.

i) The weight of air above a given area on the earth's surface is called atmospheric pressure or air pressure.
ii) The air pressure is measured by Barometer.
iii) The standard air pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.

1. Weather is the day today conditions of the atmosphere at any place as regards sunshine, temperature, cloud cover, Wind fog condition, air pressure, humidity, precipitation and such other elements.
2. It refers to short periods like a day, a week, a month or a little longer.
3. Weather changes from time to time in a day and one period to the other in a year.
4. The weather is cool in winter and hot in summer.