Vellore

Tipu Sultan

i) The new methods and uniform regulations were withdrawn.
ii) The family of Tippu as a precautionary measure was sent to Calcutta.
iii) William Cavendish Bentinck was removed from his service.

1. Palayakkarars wanted more powers to control their provinces.
2. In 1529, the Nayak of Madurai noticed that he could not control the chiftain with the consultation of his minister Ariyanatha, he instituted Palayakkarar system,
3. Pull Thevar. Veerapandya Kattabornman, Velu Nachiyar, Marudu brothers, Deeran Chinnamalai are some prominent Palayakkarars.

Leaders :
1. No common plan of action
2. No centralised leadership
3. The weapons were not modern and well equipped.
4. Lack of organisation
5. Leaders were not so match to British generals.
Mangal Pande
He was a Loyal young sepoy in the British troop. He shot his sergent for not respecting his country's culture and his loyalty.
Central India
In Central India, the revolt was guided by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmi Bai
1. fought bravely and killed in the battle because of the policy of Doctrine of Lapse of Lord Dalhousie.
2. The leaders of the revolt had no planning and performance.
3. Muslims wanted to re-establish muslim rule.
4. Hindus wanted to establish the influence of Maratha.
5. Every leaders was involved in the revolt for their selfish interest. The British sergent was not respecting the country's culture and his loyalty.
Bahadur Shah - II:
The sepoys declared Bahadur Shah II as a leader for the revolt. But his commander Bahadurkhan led the revolt.
Kampun
The son of last Peshwa Bajirao Nana Sahib became the leader in Kanpur revolt. He drove away the English and declared himself the peshwa.
Lucknow:
The wife of the Nawab of the Awadh. Begam Hasrath Mahal revolted against the English - But she was compelled to hide in Nepal.

1. The popular discontent of British Policy of economically exploiting India was the important cause of revolt 1857
2. The peasants suffered due to the strict revenue collection policy.
3. Policies of Docrine of Lapse, Sub-sidery alliance and policy of Effective Control created discontentment among people.
4.  Annexation of Oudh proved the grovelling loyally
5. The conversion activities of Christian missionaries were looked upon with suspicion and fear. The priests and maulavis showed their disconten against British rule.
6. The abolition of practices like sati, female infanticide, support to Widow remarriage and female education were seen as interference in Indian culture by the Europeans.
7. The Indian sepops were looked upon as inferor beings and treated with contempt by their British officers
8. They were paid much less than British soldiers. All the avenues of the promotion were closed to them as the higher army posts were reserved for the British

1. Puli Thevar was the Pioneer in Tamilnadu to protect against the English rule in India.
2. He was the Palayakarar of the Nerkattum seval.
3. During his tenure, he refused to pay the tribute neither to Mohammed Ali the Nawab of Arcot nor to the English
4. So the forces of Nawab of Arcot and the English attacked Polithevar.
5. But the combined forces were defeated by Pulithevar at Tirunelveli.
6. Pulithevar was the first Indian King to have fought and defeated the British in India.
7. After this Victory, Polithevar attempted to form a league of the Palayakkarars to oppose the British and the Nawab
8. In 1759, Nerkattumseval was attacked Pulithevar was defeated at Anthanallur.
9. Pulithevar who lived in exile, captured Netkattumseval in 1764.
10. Later he was defeated by Captain Campell in 1767
11. But his courageous trial of a struggle with stand for independence in the history of South India