Urbanisation refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

i) Employment
ii) To improve their financial status.

i) The causes operate under this category are natural ones. They include volcanic eruption mankind changed considerably
ii) They almost left the nomadic life and started to live in permanent settlements.
iii) People continued to move from one region to another in search of fertile land for cultivation
Ex: earthquake, flood, drought, etc.

Migration is defined as the permanent semi permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance.

Problems of urbanisation
a) Housing and Slums
b) Over Crowding
c) Water supply, Drainage and Sanitation
d) Transportation and Traffic
e) Pollution
a) Housing and Slums
There is a lack of space for housing and a marked reduction in the quality of housing in the urban areas due to increase in population Rapid rate of urbanisation results the development of slums
b) Over Crowding:
Over crowding leads to unhealthy environment in the urban areas. If also the cause of many diseases and riots.
c) Water supply, Drainage and Sanitation:
No city has found the clock water supply in the world. Drainage situation is equally bad.
d) Transporation and Traffic
i) Absence of planned and adequate arrangements for traffic and transport is another probleem in urban centres.
ii) The increasing number of two wheelers and cars make the tratfic problem worse
e) Pollution:
i) Towns and cities are the major polluters of environment.
ii) Industries in and around the urban centres polltrtes. The atmosphere with smoke and toxic gases

Types of migration based on
a) The movement associated with administrative limits.
b) The willingness of the migrants for migration
c) The duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination,
a) Based on the movement associated with administrative limits.
Internal migration
The movement of people within a country is known as Internal migration. It is classified into four categoris on the basis of the place of origin and destination of migrants.
i) Rural to Urban Migration
ii) Urban to Urban Migration
iii) Rural to Rural Migration
iv) Urban to Rural Migration
International migration
Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as international migration.
b) Based on the Willingness of the migrants for migration
i) Voluntary migration
ii) Involuntary or forced migration
c) Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination,
Short term migration
The migration stay outside only for a short duration before returning to the place of origin.
Long term Migration
It is a kind of migration in which the migrants stay outside at least for a few years
Seasonal Migration
Usually a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular season and returns after end of that season