1. Among the entire European nations Portugal was the foremost to make a dynamic attempt to discover a sea route to India.
2. Prince Henry of Portugal encouraged his countrymen to take up the adventurous life of exploring the unknown regions of the world.
3. So, he is commonly known as the "Navigator".

1. Archives is the place where historical documents are preserved.
2. The National Archives of india is located in New Delhi.
3. It has main source of information for understanding past administrative machinery as well as a guide to the present and future generations related to all matters.
4. It contains authentic evidence for knowing the political, social, economic, cultural and scientific life and activities of the people of India.

1) France was the last europen country to come india as traders.
2) The french east india company was formed in 1664 by colbert, a minister of king louis XIV.
3) In 1667, a french expedition came to india under francois caron.
4) Caron founded the first french factory in india at surat.
5) In 1667, a Marcara founded secound french factory at masulipatnam by securing a patent from the sultan of golkonda.
6) In 1673, the settlement of pondicherry was founded by maetin, under a grant from the ruler of Bijapur.
7) Pondicherry became the most important and prosperous french settlement in india.
8) A fort known as st. Louis was built by francois martin in pondicherry.
9) In 1673, the french established a township at chandranagore, near calcutta.
10) The french company established factories in different parts of india, such mahe, Karaikal, Balasore and Qasim Bazar.
11) The vision of the french power in india was further reinforced by governor joseph francois in 1742.

1) The fall of constantinople is an important landmark in the history of the world.
2) As far as trade was concerned, Constantinople was located at a vantage point through which the trade betwwwn east and west was carried on.
3) In 1453 Constantinople was captured by the Turks. They blocked the route to the East by the eastern Mediterranean. 
4) They levied heavy taxes on the goods which passed through constantinople.
5) The European traders were also disturbed by the Turks.
6) As a result of this the Europeans were not prepared to lose the trade with golden East as they could not get things like spices which they liked most. It forced the Europeans to discover new sea routes to the East.

1. The East India Company was founded with permission of Elizabeth the Queen of England in 1600.
2. Emperor Jahangir permitted the English to establish their factory in 1613 at Surat.
3. Surat initially became the headquarters of the English.
4. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was sent to Jahangir's court by King James I of England.
5. He remained at Agra for three years.
6. He succeeded in concluding a commercial treaty with the emperor.
7. Sir Thomas Roe, established the English trading centres at Surat, Agra, Ahmadabad and Broach.
8. English established their first factory in 1611 at Masulipatam.
9. In 1639, the English merchant, Francis Day, obtained Madras as a lease from Chennappa Nayaka, the ruler of Chandragiri.
10. The East India Company built its famous factory known as Fort St. George.
11. In 1668, the East India Company acquired the island at an annual rent of £ (pounds) 10 from Charles II.
12. In 1690 a factory was established at Sutanuti.
13. The Zamindari of the three villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata and Govindpur was acquired by the British in 1698.
14. The new fortified settlement at Sutanuti was named as 'Fort William' in 1700.
15. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company became a political Power.

1) The sources for the history of modern indaia help us to know the political, socio-economic and cultural development in the country.
2) From the very beginning, the Europeans recorded their official transactions in india on state papers.
3) This records are very valuable to know about their relations in India.
4) Archives are the store houses of precious historical informations.
5) People began to know easily about the fields like art, literature, history and science through Written sources.
6) Many paintings and statues are the main sources of modern Indian history.
7) They give us a lot of information and the achievement of national leaders and historical personalities.
8) Museums help to preserve and promote our cultural heritage.
9) Coins are a good source to know about administrative history.