Fonctions of money
i) Primary or main function.
ii) Secondary and Contingent function.
Primary functions:
i) Money is used to buy the goods and services.
ii) All the values are expressed in terms of money. So, money is used as a tool to value.
Secondary functions:
i) Money helps the future payment also
ii) The introduction of money has helped to save it for future as it is not perishable.
iii) Money makes the exchange of goods to distant places as well as abroad possible
iv) It was felt necessary to transfer purchasing power from one place to another.

A barter system is an old method of exchange. This system has been used for centuries and long before money was invented. People exchanged services and goods in return.
Disadvantages: 
i) Lack of double coincidence of wants.
ii) Common measure of value.
iii) Indivisibility of commodities.
iv) difficulties of storing wealth.

Renunciation : (a voluntary act)
when a person after acquiring the citizenship of another country gives up his/ her Indian citizenship.
Termination : (by operation of Law)
When an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country he/ she automatically ceases to be an Indian citizen. 
Deprivation : (Compulsary Termination)
The citizenship is deprived on the basis of an order of the government of India in case involving acquisition of India citizenship by fraud, false representation or being disloyal to the constitution.

The horizontal movement of air is called wind.
The winds move from high pressure to low pressure.
Winds get their name from the direction from which they blow i.e, wind blows from south west is called southwest monsoon.
The wind systems are broadly categorized into three as follows.
i) Planetary winds
ii) Seasonal winds
iii) Local winds
Planetary winds:
These Winds are the ones which blow almost in the same direction throughout the year. So, they are called as Permanent or planetary winds.
Eg: Trade winds, Westerlies and polar easterlies.
Seasonal winds:
Seasonal winds are those which change their direction according to season in a year.
They are called as monsoon winds.
These winds blow from sea to land during summer and land to sea during winter.
Local winds:
These winds are the winds blow over a small area only during a particular time of a day or a short period of a year.
Eg: Land breeze and sea breeze.

According to the mode of formation the rocks are classified into three as follows
1. Igneous Rocks
2. Sedimentary Rocks
3. Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous Rocks:
1. The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma.
2. These rocks are also called as the 'Primary Rocks' or 'Parent Rocks' as all other rocks are formed from these rocks.
3. Igneous rocks are of two types. They are
Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
Sedimentary Rocks:
1. The sedimentary rocks are formed by the sediments derived and deposited by various agents.
2.Due to high temperature and pressure, the undistrubed sediments of long period cements to form sedimentary rocks.
3. These rocks consist of many layers which were formed by the sediments deposited at different periods. As it consists of many strata, it is also known as 'stratified rocks.
4. The three types of sedimentary rocks are
i) Organic Sedimentary Rocks
ii) Mechanical Sedimentary Rocks
iii) Chemical Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic Rocks:
When Igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to high temperature and pressure, the original rocks get altered to form a new kind of rock called metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphism is of two types
1. Thermal Metamorphism
2. Dynamic Metamorphism

Leaders :
1. No common plan of action
2. No centralised leadership
3. The weapons were not modern and well equipped.
4. Lack of organisation
5. Leaders were not so match to British generals.
Mangal Pande
He was a Loyal young sepoy in the British troop. He shot his sergent for not respecting his country's culture and his loyalty.
Central India
In Central India, the revolt was guided by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmi Bai
1. fought bravely and killed in the battle because of the policy of Doctrine of Lapse of Lord Dalhousie.
2. The leaders of the revolt had no planning and performance.
3. Muslims wanted to re-establish muslim rule.
4. Hindus wanted to establish the influence of Maratha.
5. Every leaders was involved in the revolt for their selfish interest. The British sergent was not respecting the country's culture and his loyalty.
Bahadur Shah - II:
The sepoys declared Bahadur Shah II as a leader for the revolt. But his commander Bahadurkhan led the revolt.
Kampun
The son of last Peshwa Bajirao Nana Sahib became the leader in Kanpur revolt. He drove away the English and declared himself the peshwa.
Lucknow:
The wife of the Nawab of the Awadh. Begam Hasrath Mahal revolted against the English - But she was compelled to hide in Nepal.

1. The poor peasants are exploited by Zamindars, Money lenders and Lawyers.
2. Indian cottage industries are destroyed by the import of British goods.
3. The old agricultural methods are wiped out due to new agricultural strategies.
4. The Zamindars exploited the labour of peaseants.
5. The lands are hijacked through money lenders by using the ignorance of people.
6. Indigo planters compelled the tenant farmers to grow indigo at terms highly disadvantageous to the farmers.
7. The tenant farmers was forced to sell it cheap to the planter.
8. Farmers expelled from the land often claim that fake reasons are failed to pay rent.
9. Hijacked the land and sale it lease.

1) The fall of constantinople is an important landmark in the history of the world.
2) As far as trade was concerned, Constantinople was located at a vantage point through which the trade betwwwn east and west was carried on.
3) In 1453 Constantinople was captured by the Turks. They blocked the route to the East by the eastern Mediterranean. 
4) They levied heavy taxes on the goods which passed through constantinople.
5) The European traders were also disturbed by the Turks.
6) As a result of this the Europeans were not prepared to lose the trade with golden East as they could not get things like spices which they liked most. It forced the Europeans to discover new sea routes to the East.