We should conserve biodiversity because it is very important for all living organisms and for the environment. We should conserve biodiversity to save it from becoming extinct.

The Part IV A of the Constitution of India contains the Fundamental Duties. The duties are listed under Article 51-A.
The Fundamental duties are as follows:
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
(i) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
(ii) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
(iii) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(iv) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
(v) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
(vi) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
(vii) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
(viii) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
(ix) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
(x) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
(xi) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
Fundamental Duties serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be aware of their duties towards their country and fellow citizens. Fundamental Duties serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and encourage a sense of discipline and commitment among them.

Coal is used as a source of energy and power and also as a raw material in most of the industries. Hence, most industries are concentrated around coal mines for the purpose of saving cost of transportation of coal (cost-effectiveness).

The British and other Europeans lived in the "white" areas in cities such as Madras. 

The planters were reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation because of the following reasons:
(i) Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands, but these were already densely populated. The planters hardly got large areas in compact blocks.
(ii) The planters needed a large number of labour at a time when peasants were busy with rice cultivation.
(iii) Nij cultivation on a large scale also required many ploughs and bullocks. They could not get the supplies from peasants as their ploughs and bullocks were busy on rice fields. Investing on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was a big problem.

Headline for the British paper "The East India Company crushes Tipu Sultan." Headline for the local paper "Mysore Tiger sacrifices life for the people of Mysore".

James Mill divided Indian history into three periods-Hindu, Muslim and British. But this periodisation is not proper.
There were some problems with this periodisation as follows:
(i) It is improper to refer any period of history as 'Muslim' or 'Hindu' because a variety of faiths existed Simultaneously.
(ii) It is also not justified to characterise an age through the religion of the rulers of the time. During ancient period, all the rulers did not share the same faith.
(iii) Mill, through his periodisation suggested that only British rule could civilize India. He suggested that the British should conquer all the territories in India to ensure the enlightenment as if India was not capable of progress without British help.

Through this image of the Parliament, the artist is trying to convey that it is the people Parliament is based on the people strength. The Parliament is the supreme law-making body of Indian democracy and it is composed of representatives elected directly by the people. Who come from different religions and backgrounds. So it is ultimately the people who make rules for their country.

Abiotic resources are comprising of non-living things like land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper and silver.
Abiotic resources are not renewable, as they can be exhausted by excessive use and their rate of formation is very slow.
The usefulness of the abiotic resources depends upon this accessibility and their value. Their total reserves cannot be increased by human efforts. These resources are in great demand for the development of industries.

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifers under the ground. Uses include water for the garden, water for livestock water for irrigation.
The advantages of rainwater harvesting are as follows:
(i) It reduces the consumption of groundwater.
(ii) It is free from pollutants as well as salts, minerals and other natural and man-made contaminants.
(iii)  It is considered as the purest form of natural water.
(iv) The stored water is a reliable source of water when other sources dry up.

The basic difference between India and Japan was that India was run by the British colonial government, while Japan was an independent country. While the colonial government in India, which wanted to expand the market for British goods, did not support Indian industrialists, the Japanese Government encouraged the growth of industries.
They did this by developing postal and telegraph services, railways and steam-powered shipping. They also imported advanced technology from the West and gave generous loans to industrialists, besides selling large industries started by the government to business families very cheaply. Thus in India, colonial domination created barriers to industrialization, while in Japan the fear of foreign conquest spurred industrialisation.

Shastras to Britannia, frontispiece to the first map produced by James Rennel, 1782 Renne! was asked by Robert Clive to produce maps of Hindustan. An enthusiastic supporter of British conquest of India, Renne! saw the preparation of maps as essential to the process of domination. The picture here tries to suggest that Indians
willingly gave over their ancient texts to Britannia - the symbol of British power - as if asking her to become the protector of Indian culture.

The "Charkha" represented India and it was put at the centre of the tricolour flag of the Indian National Congress adopted in 1931.

Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radio active elements like Uranium and Thorium. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.

PIL stands for Public Interest Litigation. In Public Interest Litigation, the court gives judgement in public interest on matters such as exploitation, environment, child labour, etc. If any person or institution informs the courts the court investigates the matter and decides in the context of facts. These cases constitute Public Interest Litigation. These cases can be presented only in High Court or Supreme Court.

The major types of vegetation are grouped as forests, grasslands, scrubs, shrubs and tundra.

Green revolution refers to that tremendous increase in agricultural production, which was possible due to the adoption of new agricultural strategy.

An extension scheme called the Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme was started in 1888by Robert Clarke for the Walled City residents. The idea was to draw residents away from the old city to a new type of market square, with a mosque in the centre and shops around the edges. The main reason behind this scheme was to persuade a flow of population from the crowded parts of the town of Delhi to certain other areas and relieve congestion within the old city.

In this revolt, all the sepoys marched to the Britishers' buildings, houses, police stations and burnt them. They killed the British officials. The main role in these activities was that of sepoys. Therefore, the Revolt of 1857 is also called sepoy mutiny (Sepoy means soldiers and mutiny means 'Soldiers March').

(i) Charter Act : Charter Act 1813 or East India Company Act 1813 was passed by the British Parliament to renew the charter of British East India Company and continue the rule of the same in India.
(ii) Dual Government : Dual Government meant double government under which the executive powers and responsibility for collection of revenue were shared by two different authorities.

Calligraphists were experts in the art of beautiful handwriting. In the early years of the 19^th century, important documents were carefully copied and beautifully written by the Calligraphists.

(i) His Commanding Officer, Norgate translated his writings into English.
(ii) (a) Annexation of Awadh ignited the minds of the sepoys and turned them against the English.
(b) Secondly, the use of cartridges greased with the fat of cows and pigs was considered as an insult by both the Hindus and the Muslims.
(iii) The Sepoy Mutiny began in Meerut.