In the above map, the areas which are under the British rule are-some parts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, etc.

Some forests that produced timber which the British wanted, were classified as the reserved forests i.e., under state property where hunting, cultivation was not allowed.

The classification of Indian history is borrowed from west and many times not applicable.
i. The modern period in the west was associated with science, reason, democracy and liberty whereas we were under British rule without any of these features.
ii. India lacked growth and progress during this time.

Various methods of revenue collection were Permanent settlement, Mahalwari settlement and Ryotwari settlement.

PIL stands for Public Interest Litigation. In Public Interest Litigation, the court gives judgement in public interest on matters such as exploitation, environment, child labour, etc. If any person or institution informs the courts the court investigates the matter and decides in the context of facts. These cases constitute Public Interest Litigation. These cases can be presented only in High Court or Supreme Court.

Causes responsible for the battle of Plassey are given below:
(i) In 1756A.D., the Nawab seized the English Factory at Kasim Bazar and occupied Fort William, but Clive recaptured it in 1756A.D.
(ii) Mir afar wanted to dethrone the nawab and entered into a conspiracy against the nawab joining hands with the Britishers.
(iii) Clive blamed the nawab that he was conspiring against English with the help of French.

Earth-a water planet:
(a) Water is found in abundance on the earth.
(b) It covers about 75 per cent of the earth's surface including 71 per cent covered by oceans. Because of these two reasons, earth is called a 'water planet'.

Time and technology help change a substance to a resource. They are related to needs of people. It is the ideas, inventions, knowledge and discoveries by people that lead to creation of resources. For example discovery of fire led to cooking and invention of wheel to new modes of transport. Technology by humans led to generation of electricity from falling water.

France, in February 2004, banned students from wearing conspicuous religious or political symbols like Islamic headscarf, Jewish skullcap or Christian cross. Disobeying students had been expelled from their school. The government had to face resistance from immigrants from other countries.

1. The forest people exchanged goods and got what they needed in return for
their valuable forest produce.
2. They also bought goods with the small amount of earnings they had.
3. Some of them did odd jobs in the villages, carrying loads or building roads.
4. Others laboured in the fields of peasants and farmers.
5. With the decrease in supplies of forest produce, the tribal people wandered
around in search of work as labourers.

(i) Federalism: It ensures national unity, and at the same time, allows individual progress. A federal government allows the centre to hold supreme power, but its constituent States have some power as well.
(ii) Separation of Powers: This serves two purposes: firstly, tyrannical use of power is avoided since it does not vest power in any single authority. Secondly, the three organs of power also work as a check on each other, thereby maintaining a good balance
(iii) Fundamental Rights: These are important because they conform to a humane society. They also protect the citizens against arbitrary and absolute use of power by the State.
(iv) Parliamentary Form of Government: It upholds universal adult franchise. This entails the fact that the people of a country playa direct role in electing their representatives to run the state as well as the nation.

(i) Baigas are one of the tribes found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states of India. The Baigas had to pay numerous taxes such as cattle tax, forest tax and land tax, for which they had to sell their cattle. They were not able to fulfil their daily needs. Thus, they found it difficult to live under the English.
(ii) They formerly practised only shifting agriculture in forest areas. Majority of them have now become regular cultivators. They make bamboo mats and baskets which they sell in the weekly markets in villages. They also collect and sell honey and other forest products. They are experts at all such work that can be done with an axe.

(i) Topography
(ii) Soil
(iii) Climate.

Supreme Court of India was established on 26 January 1950, the day India became a Republic.It was earlier called the Federal Court of India, which was located in the Chamber of Prince in the Parliament House. It moved to its present location on Mathura road, New Delhi in 1958.

Some of the uses of plants are:
(i) They provide timber.
(ii) Give shelter to animals.
(iii) Produce oxygen for respiration.
(iv) Protect soil.
(v) Help in storage of underground water.
(vi) Give us nuts, fruits, medicines, etc.

(i) The Parliament of India has two Houses:
(a)The Lok Sabha
(b) The Rajya Sabha.
(ii) The Parliament which is made up of all representatives, controls and guides the government.
(iii) The question hour is an important mechanism through which MPs can elicit information about the working of the government.
(iv) The Parliament also has a significant role in lawmaking.
(v) The Rajya Sabha functions primarily as the representative of the states of India in the Parliament.
(vi) The Rajya Sabha can also initiate legislation and a bill has to be passed in the Rajya Sabha in order to become a law. It, therefore, has an important role of reviewing and altering the laws initiated by the Lok Sabha.

The members of the Constituent Assembly faced many problems while drafting the constitution.
A few of them are as follows:
(i) The partition had created dividing tendencies among the people.
(ii) A sense of hatred prevailed among people for the other religious communities. Therefore, the constitution-makers were faced with the task of creating a constitution that would incorporate the interests of all religions and social groups in India and promote an atmosphere of peace and harmony.

The six basic principles of sustainable development are:
(i) To respect and care all forms of life.
(ii) To improve the quality of human life.
(iii) To conserve the earth's vitality and diversity. 
(iv) To minimise the depletion of natural resources.
(v) To change the personal attitude and malpractices towards the environment.
(vi) To encourage communities to care for their own environment.

i. There were two main systems of indigo cultivation in India. They were nij and ryoti.
Problems:
1. The planters faced difficulty in expanding the area under nij cultivation.
2. Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands. These were already densely populated.
3. Planters needed large areas in compact blocks to cultivate indigo in plantations.
4. They tried to get the land on lease around the indigo factory.
5. They could do so by getting evicted the peasants from the areas. This led to conflicts and tension.
6. Labour was also not easy to mobilise.
7. A large plantation required numerous labourers and this at same time of rice cultivation.
8. Nij cultivation on a large-scale needed numerous ploughs and bullocks. (A planter with 1000 bighas would need 2000 ploughs).
9. Investing on purchase and maintenance of ploughs was a big problem.
10. Supplies of ploughs and bullocks by the peasants were not easy, since peasants ploughs and bullocks were busy on their rice fields, exactly at the same time that the indigo planter needed them.
11. In the light of the above, the planters were reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation.
12. Only less than 25% of the land producing indigo was under NIJ system.

The High Court of a state has the following powers:
(i) Original Jurisdiction: The original jurisdiction of the High Court extends to all civil cases which are in respect of actions of higher value.
(ii) Appellate Jurisdiction: The appellate jurisdiction of the High Court extends to both civil and criminal cases. It comes as first or second appeal in civil cases. Appeals arise from decisions by district judges and subordinate judges in higher value cases to the High Court. The criminal appellate jurisdiction of the High Court extends to appeal from the decision of a session judge when the sentence of imprisonment exceeds 7 years.
(iii) Power of Superintendence : According to Article 277, every High Court extends the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals, except those dealing with armed forces operating within its territorial jurisdiction.
(iv) Control over subordinate courts: The High Court is the head of judiciary in a state and a state is empowered to transfer constitutional cases from lower courts. If High Court is satisfied that a matter involves a question of law and is beyond the jurisdiction of subordinate case, it can withdraw the case and dispose it off itself.
(v) Guardian of Fundamental Rights : According to the Act, 226, the High Court is empowered to issue writs to any person or authority, including the government, if it feels that the Fundamental Rights of any individual are being infringed upon within its jurisdiction.
(vi) Court of Record: The High Court keeps a record of its own cases which act as a precedent in future cases.

The Parliament of India consists of the President, the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
The Executive is a group of persons who work together to implement the laws made by the Parliament. The Parliament session begins with a questions hour. The question hour is an important mechanism through which MPs (executives) can elicit information about the working of the government.
By asking questions, the government is alerted to its shortcomings and also comes to know the opinion of the people. Similarly, executives from the opposition party highlight the drawbacks in various policies and programmes of the government. In this way, the) play a critical role in healthy functioning of democracy.